{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:03:06Z","timestamp":1792454586632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2023R80"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R80"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as \u201cChia\u201d. It has been recommended for therapeutic use because of its use as an excellent source of fatty acids, protein, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. A literature survey concerning phytochemical and biological investigations of chia extracts revealed less attention towards the non-polar extracts of S. hispanica L. aerial parts, which motivates us to investigate their phytochemical constituents and biological potentials. The phytochemical investigation of the non-polar fractions of S. hispanica L. aerial parts resulted in the tentative identification of 42 compounds using UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS analysis with the isolation of \u03b2-sitosterol (1), betulinic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), and \u03b2-sitosterol-3-O-\u03b2-D-glucoside (4). GLC-MS analysis of the seeds\u2019 oil showed a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acid, with a percentage of 35.64% of the total fatty acid content in the seed oil. The biological results revealed that the dichloromethane fraction showed promising DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.73 \u00b5g\/mL), antidiabetic activity with significant inhibition of the \u03b1-amylase enzyme (IC50 673.25 \u03bcg\/mL), and anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro histamine release assay (IC50 61.8 \u03bcg\/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane fraction revealed moderate cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549), human prostate carcinoma (PC-3), and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) with IC50s 35.9 \u00b1 2.1 \u03bcg\/mL, 42.4 \u00b1 2.3 \u03bcg\/mL, and 47.5 \u00b1 1.3 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively, and antiobesity activity with IC50 59.3 \u03bcg\/mL, using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay. In conclusion, this study\u2019s findings not only shed light on the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of the non-polar fractions of chia but also should be taken as a basis for the future in vivo and clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of chia and its extracts. Further study should be focused towards the isolation of the active principles of the dichloromethane fraction and studying their efficacy, exact mechanism(s), and safety, which could benefit the pharmaceutical industry and folk medicine practitioners who use this plant to cure diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1678071752000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS Profiling and Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Antiobesity Activities of the Non-Polar Fractions of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Afaf E.","family":"Abdel Ghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneera S. M.","family":"Al-Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Science College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael M.","family":"Abdel-Mageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan M.","family":"AbouZeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Y.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab H.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Phytochemical study and biological activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.)","volume":"8","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioeng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Diversity and therapeutic potentiality of the family lamiaceae in karnataka state, india: An overview","volume":"13","author":"Shiddamallayya","year":"2015","journal-title":"History"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ayerza, R., and Coates, W. (2005). Chia: Rediscovering a Forgotten Crop of the Aztecs, University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02542169","article-title":"Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants","volume":"61","author":"Taga","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"171956","article-title":"The promising future of chia, Salvia hispanica L","volume":"2012","author":"Yeap","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.06.044","article-title":"Phenolic and polyphenolic profiles of chia seeds and their in vitro biological activities","volume":"35","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-017-9511-7","article-title":"Chia seeds products: An overview","volume":"16","author":"Amato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.002","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic compounds in chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds, fiber flour and oil","volume":"232","author":"BetimCazarin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00902-2","article-title":"Egyptian chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) during germination: Upgrading of phenolic profile, antioxidant, antibacterial properties and relevant enzymes activities","volume":"30","author":"Elsayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Chia induces clinically discrete weight loss and improves lipid profile only in altered previous values","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-016-0543-8","article-title":"Chia Seed Shows Good Protein Quality, Hypoglycemic Effect and Improves the Lipid Profile and Liver and Intestinal Morphology of Wistar Rats","volume":"71","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.11.124","article-title":"Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in the treatment of overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Vuksan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3080-x","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) essential oil","volume":"244","author":"Elshafie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2019.112065","article-title":"Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from aerial parts of Salvia hispanica L. and their cardioprotective effects","volume":"166","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104672","article-title":"Rearranged neoclerodane diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Salvia hispanica L","volume":"146","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-015-2488-9","article-title":"Nutritional quality of seeds and leaf metabolites of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) from Southern Italy","volume":"241","author":"Amato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2022.14.28","article-title":"Phytochemical investigation and biological screening of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial parts","volume":"14","author":"Ghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Salazar, H., Camacho-D\u00edaz, B.H., \u00c1vila-Reyes, S.V., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, M.D., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortazar, M., Arenas Ocampo, M.L., and Jim\u00e9nez-Aparicio, A.R. (2019). Identification and quantification of \u03b2-sitosterol \u03b2-d-glucoside of an ethanolic extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction from Agave angustifolia haw. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213926"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.04.017","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of diterpenoids in salvia species by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.02.001","article-title":"A high-throughput method for dereplication and assessment of metabolite distribution in salvia species using lc-ms\/ms","volume":"24","author":"Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2011.572502","article-title":"Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1556\/AChrom.27.2015.4.9","article-title":"Uplc\/q-tof-ms analysis for identification of hydrophilic phenolics and lipophilic diterpenoids from Radix salviae miltiorrhizae","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"287","article-title":"Pentacyclic triterpenes in Euphorbia microsciadia with their t-cell proliferation activity","volume":"10","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2203","article-title":"Triterpenoids from the stem of Diospyros glandulosa","volume":"31","author":"Thanakijcharoenpath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thai J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2017.03.001","article-title":"High resolution uhplc-ms characterization and isolation of main compounds from the antioxidant medicinal plant Parastrephia lucida (meyen)","volume":"25","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201500836","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of the chemical similarity of yindanxinnaotong samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting","volume":"39","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2017.01.005","article-title":"Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by hplc-esi-qtof-ms\/ms","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Q.-S., Xu, L.-L., Zhang, J.-Y., Wang, Z.-J., Jiang, Y.-Y., and Liu, B. (2018). Rapid characterization and identification of non-diterpenoid constituents in Tinospora sinensis by hplc-ltq-orbitrap msn. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020274"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-012-0307-z","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds in four tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) farmers\u2019 varieties in northeastern portugalhomegardens","volume":"67","author":"Barros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.03.007","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant activity in free and hydrolyzed fractions of millet grains and characterization of their phenolic profiles by hplc-dad-esi-msn","volume":"3","author":"Chandrasekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.07.036","article-title":"Using lc\/ms\/ms to determine matrine, oxymatrine, ferulic acid, mangiferin, and glycyrrhizin in the chinese medicinal preparations shiau-feng-saan and dang-guei-nian-tong-tang","volume":"40","author":"Jong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9018382","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of N-feruloyltyramine as the P-selectin expression suppressor from garlic (Allium sativum)","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2016.12.001","article-title":"Determination of phenolic compounds and diterpenes in roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia przewalskii by two lc\u2013ms tools: Multi-stage and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with assessment of antioxidant capacity","volume":"20","author":"Piasecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6340","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01000F","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory chemical constituents of flos Chrysanthemiindici determined by uplc-ms\/ms integrated with network pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2447","article-title":"Characterization of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (dan-shen) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112445","article-title":"Antidiabetic functionality of Vitex negundo L. Leaves based on uhplc-qtof-ms\/ms based bioactives profiling and molecular docking insights","volume":"152","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-120","article-title":"Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric analysis of a dimeric conjugate, salvialeriafone and related compounds","volume":"6","author":"Musharraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101483","article-title":"Uhplc-dad-esi-msn profiling variability of the phenolic constituents of Artemisia campestris L. Populations growing in algeria","volume":"23","author":"Boukhalkhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielecka, M., Pencakowski, B., Stafiniak, M., Jakubowski, K., Rahimmalek, M., Gharibi, S., Matkowski, A., and \u015alusarczyk, S. (2021). Metabolomics and DNA-based authentication of two traditional asian medicinal and aromatic species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010112"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1556\/1006.2017.30.5.4","article-title":"Screening of antibacterial compounds in Salvia officinalis L. Tincture using thin-layer chromatography\u2014Direct bioautography and liquid chromatography\u2014Tandem mass spectrometry techniques","volume":"30","author":"Jesionek","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPC-J. Plan. Chroma.-Mod. TLC"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3076-6","article-title":"Phenolic profiling and quantitative determination of common sage (Salvia plebeia r. Br.) by uplc-dad-qtof\/ms","volume":"244","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060348z","article-title":"Flavonoid glycosides in bergamot juice (Citrus bergamia risso)","volume":"54","author":"Gattuso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Said, R., Hamed, A.I., Mahalel, U.A., Al-Ayed, A.S., Kowalczyk, M., Moldoch, J., Oleszek, W., and Stochmal, A. (2017). Tentative characterization of polyphenolic compounds in the male flowers of Phoenix dactylifera by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and DFT. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030512"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9722","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503540s","article-title":"Myrica faya: A new source of antioxidant phytochemicals","volume":"62","author":"Gouveia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-015-9427-z","article-title":"Bioactive phytochemicals from shoots and roots of Salvia species","volume":"15","author":"Jassbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2894-x","article-title":"Structure elucidation of \u03b2-sitosterol with antibacterial activity from the root bark of Malva parviflora","volume":"5","author":"Ododo","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjps.2017.05.002","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis lupane-type isoprenoids from syzygiumguineense wild dc. (myrtaceae) stem bark","volume":"3","author":"Oladosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605831","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/605831","article-title":"Triterpenes and the antimycobacterial activity of Duroia macrophylla huber (rubiaceae)","volume":"2013","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.855","article-title":"Complete 1H and 13C nmr assignments of stigma-5-en-3-o-\u03b2-glucoside and its acetyl derivative","volume":"39","author":"Faizi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Dietary evaluation, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of crude extract from chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) against human prostate cancer cell line (pc-3)","volume":"8","author":"Muthusami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected iranian medicinal plants","volume":"5","author":"Pourmorad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.07.019","article-title":"Labdane diterpenoids as potential anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"124","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2573965","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-HIV-1 integrase and anti-inflammatory activities of compounds from Betula alnoides buch-ham","volume":"2019","author":"Chaniad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-012-0326-2","article-title":"Beneficial effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil diet are through modulation of different hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism in streptozotocin\u2013nicotinamide induced diabetic rats","volume":"8","author":"Devarshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1021\/jf047814+","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of oolong tea polyphenols on pancreatic lipasein vitro","volume":"53","author":"Nakai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.08.006","article-title":"Characterization of chia seed oils obtained by pressing and solvent extraction","volume":"24","author":"Ixtaina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60171a016","article-title":"The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatographic analysis","volume":"33","author":"Metcalfe","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7057","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26227057","article-title":"Evaluation of the Anticancer Potential of Crude, Irradiated Cerastes cerastes Snake Venom and Propolis Ethanolic Extract & Related Biological Alterations","volume":"26","author":"Abdelglil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Seadawy, H.M., Abo El-Seoud, K.A., El-Aasr, M., Tawfik, H.O., Eldehna, W.M., and Ragab, A.E. (2022). Evaluation of Zamia floridana A. DC. Leaves and Its Isolated Secondary Metabolites as Natural Anti-Toxoplasma and Anti-Cancer Agents Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010010"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"244","article-title":"Antioxidant activity by dpph radical scavenging method of Ageratum conyzoides","volume":"1","author":"Leaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2012.26.33","article-title":"In silico, in vitro and in vivo assessment of safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin","volume":"8","author":"Venkata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"101","article-title":"In vitro antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinadigyna (r.) methanol root extract","volume":"1","author":"Narkhede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.053","article-title":"Anti-obesity effect of Morus bombycis root extract: Anti-lipase activity and lipolytic effect","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/5\/1062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:50Z","timestamp":1760121830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/5\/1062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12051062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12051062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}