{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:38:21Z","timestamp":1777653501825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES) for PostDoc fellowship for W.C.P.","award":["2016OB814970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016OB814970"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES) for PostDoc fellowship for W.C.P.","award":["Proc. 408712\/2013-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proc. 408712\/2013-9"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016OB814970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016OB814970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Proc. 408712\/2013-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proc. 408712\/2013-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brown marine macroalga Padina gymnospora (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) produces both secondary metabolites (phlorotannins) and precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3\u2014aragonite) on its surface as potential defensive strategies against herbivory. Here, we have evaluated the effect of natural concentrations of organic extracts (dichloromethane\u2014DI; ethyl acetate\u2014EA and methanol\u2014ME, and three isolated fractions) and mineralized tissues of P.\u00a0gymnospora as chemical and physical resistance, respectively, against the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus through experimental laboratory feeding bioassays. Fatty acids (FA), glycolipids (GLY), phlorotannins (PH) and hydrocarbons (HC) were also characterized and\/or quantified in extracts and fractions from P. gymnospora using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (CG\/MS) or GC coupled to flame ionization detector (FID) and chemical analysis. Our results showed that chemicals from the EA extract of P. gymnospora were significantly important in reducing consumption by L. variegatus, but the CaCO3 did not act as a physical protection against consumption by this sea urchin. An enriched fraction containing 76% of the new hydrocarbon 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene exhibited a significant defensive property, while other chemicals found in minor amounts, such as GLY, PH, saturated and monounsaturated FAs and CaCO3 did not interfere with the susceptibility of P. gymnospora to L. variegatus consumption. We suggest that the unsaturation of the 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-heneicosatetraene from P. gymnospora is probably an important structural characteristic responsible for the defensive property verified against the sea urchin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:28:09Z","timestamp":1677551289000},"page":"1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chemical Defense against Herbivory in the Brown Marine Macroalga Padina gymnospora Could Be Attributed to a New Hydrocarbon Compound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Renato Crespo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24220-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wladimir Costa","family":"Paradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Tomazetto","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davyson","family":"de Lima Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphonse","family":"Kelecom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoni Moreira Ferreira","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia Correa","family":"Atella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Tavares","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(95)00181-6","article-title":"Chemical defenses of the tropical green seaweed Neomeris annulata Dickie: Effects of multiple compounds on feeding by herbivores","volume":"201","author":"Lumbang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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