{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:39:01Z","timestamp":1783535941502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2016-76067-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2016-76067-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-112774GB- I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112774GB- I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOC_01221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Social Fund and Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["CGL2016-76067-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2016-76067-P"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund and Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PID2020-112774GB- I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112774GB- I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund and Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["DOC_01221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent field data suggest that migratory gulls disperse many rice field weeds by gut passage (endozoochory), most of which are dry fruited and widely assumed to have no long-distance dispersal mechanisms, except via human activity. We investigated this mechanism with a feeding experiment, in which seeds of five common rice field weeds (in order of increasing seed size: Juncus bufonius, Cyperus difformis, Polypogon monspeliensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, and the fleshy-fruited Solanum nigrum) were fed to seven individuals of lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus held in captivity. We quantified seed survival after collecting faeces at intervals for 33 h after ingestion, then extracting intact seeds and running germination tests, which were also conducted for control seeds. All five species showed high seed survival after gut passage, of &gt;70%. Gut retention times averaged 2\u20134 h, but maxima exceeded 23 h for all species. Germinability after gut passage was 16\u201354%, and gut passage accelerated germination in J. bufonius and S. nigrum, but slowed it down in the other species. All species had lower germinability after gut passage compared to control seeds (likely due to stratification prior to the experiment), but the loss of germinability was higher in smaller seeds. There was no evidence that the different dispersal syndromes assigned to the five species (endozoochory, epizoochory or barochory) had any influence on our results. In contrast, mean gut retention time was strongly and positively related to seed size, likely because small seeds pass more quickly from the gizzard into the intestines. Non-classical endozoochory of dry-fruited seeds by waterbirds is a major but overlooked mechanism for potential long-distance dispersal, and more research into this process is likely essential for effective weed management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12071470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seed Size, Not Dispersal Syndrome, Determines Potential for Spread of Ricefield Weeds by Gulls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Peralta-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alb\u00e1n","family":"Ansotegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Hortas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI\u00b7MAR), Universidad de C\u00e1diz, Avda. Rep\u00fablica \u00c1rabe Saharaui s\/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Red\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Mart\u00edn-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Navarro-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Lovas-Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetland Ecology Research Group, Department of Tisza Research, MTA Centre for Ecological Research-DRI, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta I.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Wetland Ecology Department, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132428","article-title":"The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: A theoretical perspective","volume":"34","author":"Levin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12261","article-title":"Demographic and genetic connectivity: The role and consequences of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment in seagrasses","volume":"92","author":"Kendrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. 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