{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:34:41Z","timestamp":1789695281378,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20195923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20195923"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric ulcers (GU) constitute a disease with a global prevalence \u2248 8.09 million. Of their causes, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin (IND) rank as the second most frequent etiologic agent. The pathogenic process of gastric lesions is given by the overproduction of oxidative stress, promotion of inflammatory processes, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Spirulina Arthrospira maxima (SP) is a cyanobacterium with a wide variety of substances with high nutritional and health values such as phycobiliproteins (PBPs) that have outstanding antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatories effects, and accelerate the wound healing process. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of PBPs in GU induced by IND 40 mg\/kg. Our results show that the PBPs protected against IND-induced damage with a dose-dependent effect. At a dose of 400 mg\/kg, a marked decrease in the number of lesions is observed, as well as the recovery of the main markers of oxidative stress damage (MDA) and antioxidant species (SOD, CAT, GPx) at close to baseline levels. The evidence derived from the present investigation suggests that the antioxidant effect of PBPs, together with their reported anti-inflammatory effects to accelerate the wound healing process, is the most reliable cause of their antiulcerogenic activity in this GU model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:15:57Z","timestamp":1681096557000},"page":"1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Protective Effect of the Phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira maxima on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Virginia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala S\/N Col. Industrial \u00c1nimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salud","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Mexico City C.P. 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora Lilia","family":"Rivero-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9103-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliana","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saudy Saret","family":"Pablo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Past\u00e9n-Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4765-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Melesio","family":"Crist\u00f3bal-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8935-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Chamorro-Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Malik, T.F., Gnanapandithan, K., and Singh, K. (2022). Peptic Ulcer Disease, StatPearls Publish."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.126604","article-title":"An overview of history, pathogenesis and treatment of perforated peptic ulcer disease with evaluation of prognostic scoring in adults","volume":"4","author":"Prabhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7828","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007828","article-title":"The association between peptic ulcer diseases and mental health problems: A population-based study: A STROBE compliant article","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32404-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"390","author":"Lanas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2011.05.001","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"38","author":"Najm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12155","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and public health","volume":"1","author":"Axon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-67202014000400017","article-title":"Nutritional care in peptic ulcer","volume":"27","author":"Vomero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Bras Cir. Dig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac033","article-title":"The global burden of peptic ulcer disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Ahmadi, N., Fattahi, N., Rezaei, N., Malekpour, M.R., Ghamari, S.H., Moghaddam, S.S., Azadnajafabad, S., Esfahani, Z., and Kolahi, A.A. (2022). Quality of care of peptic ulcer disease worldwide: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 1990-2019. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271284"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20","article-title":"Risk factors influencing morbidity and mortality in perforated peptic ulcer disease","volume":"31","author":"Kapan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ulus. Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.11.007","article-title":"Risk of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulants","volume":"13","author":"Lanas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Ren, K., Zhou, Z., Dang, C., and Zhang, H. (2022). The global, regional and national burden of peptic ulcer disease from 1990 to 2019: A population-based study. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02130-2"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"219","article-title":"Peptic Ulcer Disease and Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"115","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.030","article-title":"Gastric mucosal defense and cytoprotection: Bench to bedside","volume":"135","author":"Laine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S684","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201810001-01199","article-title":"The global incidence of peptic ulcer disease and its complications at the turn of the 21st century: A systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Azhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180629111227","article-title":"Roles of cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin e2 and ep receptors in mucosal protection and ulcer healing in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"24","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6281","DOI":"10.1039\/C7OB01341H","article-title":"Recent advances in asymmetric total synthesis of prostaglandins","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207449","article-title":"Prostaglandins and inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ricciotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2007.04.006","article-title":"Urinary prostaglandin E2 in the newborn and infant","volume":"84","author":"Antonucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36795","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36795","article-title":"PGE2 is a direct and robust mediator of anion\/fluid secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Fujii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517642113","article-title":"Systematic study of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression: Role of NF-\u03baB and NFAT transcriptional pathways","volume":"113","author":"Kirkby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-124","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs enhance the effects of photodynamic therapy in gastric cancer cells","volume":"58","author":"Ito","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818877","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.818877","article-title":"NSAID-Associated Small Intestinal Injury: An Overview From Animal Model Development to Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papalia, T., Sidari, R., and Panuccio, M.R. (2019). Impact of Different Storage Methods on Bioactive Compounds in Arthrospira platensis Biomass. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152810"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247528","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3247528","article-title":"Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina","volume":"2017","author":"Finamore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"36","article-title":"Nutritional and Healthical Aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) for Poultry, Animals and Human","volume":"12","author":"Ragab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.510.025","article-title":"Antioxidant Effect of Phycobiliproteins of the Cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima on Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under Oxidative Stress","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2019.944.952","article-title":"Acute Toxicity and Gastroprotective Effect of 2-pentadecanone in Ethanol-induced Gastric Mucosal Ulceration in Rats","volume":"15","author":"Kamran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.04.014","article-title":"Extraction, purification and antioxidant activity of phycobiliprotein from Arthrospira platensis","volume":"82","author":"Iamtham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866523666160802160222","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins: A Novel Green Tool from Marine Origin Blue-Green Algae and Red Algae","volume":"24","author":"Chandra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000172","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1009.1000172","article-title":"Antioxidant Potential of Phycobiliproteins: Role in Anti-Aging Research","volume":"4","author":"Sonani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez, O., Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, R.V., Quevedo-Corona, L., P\u00e9rez-Past\u00e9n-Borja, R., Rivero-Ram\u00edrez, N.L., R\u00edos-Castro, E., P\u00e9rez-Guti\u00e9rrez, S., P\u00e9rez-Ramos, J., and Chamorro-Cevallos, G.A. (2018). Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats Pretreated with Phycobiliproteins of Arthrospira (Spirulina) Maxima. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060763"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813985","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5813985","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Gastric Cancer-Related Depression through ABL1-Mediated Inflammation Signaling Pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.12.004","article-title":"Protective effect of coptisine free base on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats: Characterization of potential molecular mechanisms","volume":"193","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Fokou, P.V.T., Sharopov, F., Martorell, M., Ademiluyi, A.O., Rajkovic, J., Salehi, B., Martins, N., Iriti, M., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Antiulcer Agents: From Plant Extracts to Phytochemicals in Healing Promotion. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071751"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8759708","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8759708","article-title":"Gastroprotective Effects of Plants Extracts on Gastric Mucosal Injury in Experimental Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30157-6","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Ziziphus jujuba L. against HCl\/Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Hamedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousa, A.M., El-Sammad, N.M., Hassan, S.K., Madboli, A.E.N.A., Hashim, A.N., Moustafa, E.S., Bakry, S.M., and Elsayed, E.A. (2019). Antiulcerogenic effect of Cuphea ignea extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2760-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.118","article-title":"Spirulina ameliorates aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in albino mice by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"109","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.507","article-title":"Practical Application of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for the Development of a Prototype Process for c-Phycocyanin Recovery from Spirulina Maxima","volume":"76","author":"Nuez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.02.016","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2014.06.022","article-title":"Concurrent purification and antioxidant activity of phycobiliproteins from Lyngbya sp. A09DM: An antioxidant and anti-aging potential of phycoerythrin in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"49","author":"Sonani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.06.020","article-title":"Antioxidative peptides from food proteins: A review","volume":"31","author":"Sarmadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020564","article-title":"Protective effect of wheat peptides against indomethacin-induced oxidative stress in IEC-6 cells","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"413","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Redox-Dependent Signaling in Prostate Cancer","volume":"87","author":"Kalinina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-115SR","article-title":"Roles of oxidative stress in stomach disorders","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blas-Valdivia, V., Rojas-Franco, P., Serrano-Contreras, J.I., Sfriso, A.A., Garcia-Hernandez, C., Franco-Col\u00edn, M., and Cano-Europa, E. (2021). C-phycoerythrin from Phormidium persicinum Prevents Acute Kidney Injury by Attenuating Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110589"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1524","article-title":"Purified c-phycoerythrin: Safety studies in rats and protective role against permanganate-mediated fibroblast-DNA damage","volume":"30","author":"Soni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.21058","article-title":"Phycocyanin: A Potential Drug for Cancer Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00272.x","article-title":"uPA dependent and independent mechanisms of wound healing by C-phycocyanin","volume":"12","author":"Madhyastha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"33","article-title":"Role of prostaglandins in gastroprotection and gastric adaptation","volume":"56","author":"Brzozowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2006.122","article-title":"COX-2: A pivotal enzyme in mucosal protection and resolution of inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Wallace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.443","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase 2-implications on maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity and ulcer healing: Controversial issues and perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Halter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3725","article-title":"Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis","volume":"277","author":"Reddy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8238","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004415","article-title":"Indomethacin impairs mitochondrial dynamics by activating the PKC\u03b6-p38-DRP1 pathway and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells","volume":"294","author":"Mazumder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343642","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/343642","article-title":"Anti-Inflammation Property of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels on Indomethacin-Induced Acute Gastric Ulceration","volume":"2015","author":"Chanudom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.10.048","article-title":"Ameliorative and protective effects of ginger and its main constituents against natural, chemical and radiation-induced toxicities: A comprehensive review","volume":"123","author":"Alsherbiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-010-0582-x","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity of essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum and its major component eugenol in different animal models","volume":"383","author":"Santin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.149238","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of methanolic extract of Gomphrena celosioides on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in Wistar albino rats","volume":"5","author":"Oluwabunmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743041","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4743041","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic and Antibacterial Effects of Chitosan Derivatives on Experimental Gastric Ulcers in Rats","volume":"2022","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.05.026","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of Dodonaea viscosa on various experimental ulcer models","volume":"118","author":"Arun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-012-0177-8","article-title":"Oleuropein prevents ethanol-induced gastric ulcers via elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities in rats","volume":"68","author":"Alirezaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796405","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/796405","article-title":"In Vivo Models Used for Evaluation of Potential Antigastroduodenal Ulcer Agents","volume":"2013","author":"Adinortey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ulcers"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63504-5","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)","volume":"244","author":"McCord","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86134-H","article-title":"Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal","volume":"186","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/8\/1586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:12:36Z","timestamp":1760123556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/8\/1586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12081586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12081586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]}}}