{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:03:42Z","timestamp":1780470222586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National research foundation","award":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"]}]},{"name":"National research foundation","award":["RSP2023R375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R375"]}]},{"name":"South Africa and Researchers Supporting Project","award":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"]}]},{"name":"South Africa and Researchers Supporting Project","award":["RSP2023R375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R375"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-SRUG210328591191"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2023R375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal plants offer reasonable and accessible alternatives to synthetic drugs and are often devoid of the adverse side effects, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance associated with synthetic medicine. Combretum molle has been utilized in African traditional medicinal practices and purportedly contains bioactive compounds with medicinally beneficial effects. This study investigated the hexane, chloroform, and methanol leaf and stem extracts for their antioxidant properties using the 2,2\u2032-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The study additionally analyzed the methanol extracts for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria using agar well diffusion. Relative to the scavenging activity of the ascorbic acid control (79.15 \u00b1 0.63% at 15 \u00b5g\/mL to 94.61 \u00b1 0.12% at 240 \u00b5g\/mL), the plant\u2019s radical scavenging activities were exceptionally high in the methanolic leaf and stem extracts (p &lt; 0.05), ranging from 94.58 \u00b1 1.10% at 15 \u00b5g\/mL to 99.22 \u00b1 0.30% at 240 \u00b5g\/mL and 91.57 \u00b1 1.71% at 15 \u00b5g\/mL to 99.60 \u00b1 0.20% at 240 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, suggesting a strong capacity to donate hydrogen ions. High scavenging activities were additionally observed in the chloroform stem (78.68 \u00b1 1.18% at 15 \u00b5g\/mL to 98.14 \u00b1 1.22% at 240 \u00b5g\/mL) and hexane leaf (72.12 \u00b1 4.38% at 15 \u00b5g\/mL to 89.87 \u00b1 1.50% at 240 \u00b5g\/mL) extracts (p &lt; 0.05). All extracts exhibited poor ferric-reducing abilities in relation to the gallic acid control (100 \u00b1 0.00%) at all concentrations (p &lt; 0.05). The leaf and stem extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic capabilities against both tested strains, with significant activity at higher concentrations (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, both the leaf and stem extracts of C. molle exhibited similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings warrant further pharmacological research on C. molle for potential drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12091757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1682471785000},"page":"1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaf and Stem Extracts of Combretum molle (R. Br. ex G. Don.) Engl. &amp; Diels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7870-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myuri","family":"Parusnath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yougasphree","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moganavelli","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Kianersi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaser Hassan","family":"Dewir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines2030251","article-title":"Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites","volume":"2","author":"Wink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6936","article-title":"A pharmacology-based comprehensive review on medicinal plants and phytoactive constituents possibly effective in the management of COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Jalali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. 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