{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:33:09Z","timestamp":1771338789873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0604\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0604\/20"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0175\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0175\/22"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0655\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0655\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0331\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0331\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0011\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0011\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0359\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0359\/22"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 1\/0747\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0747\/20"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["04-GASPU-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-GASPU-2021"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["GAFAPZ 3\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 3\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["GAFAPZ 8\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 8\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic Ministry of Education and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["GAFAPZ 9\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 9\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0604\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0604\/20"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0175\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0175\/22"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0655\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0655\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0331\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0331\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0011\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0011\/23"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0359\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0359\/22"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["VEGA 1\/0747\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0747\/20"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["04-GASPU-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-GASPU-2021"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["GAFAPZ 3\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 3\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["GAFAPZ 8\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 8\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","award":["GAFAPZ 9\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFAPZ 9\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In environmental and agronomic settings, even minor imbalances can trigger a range of unpredicted responses. Despite the widespread use of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) and new bio-nanofertilizers, their impact on crop production is absent in the literature. Therefore, our research is focused on the agronomic effect of spray application of gold nanoparticles anchored to SiO2 mesoporous silica (AuSi-NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) on sunflowers under real-world environments. Our findings revealed that the biosynthetically prepared AuSi-NPs and ZnO-NPs were highly effective in enhancing sunflower seasonal physiology, e.g., the value of the NDVI index increased from 0.012 to 0.025 after AuSi-NPs application. The distribution of leaf trichomes improved and the grain yield increased from 2.47 t ha\u22121 to 3.29 t ha\u22121 after ZnO-NPs application. AuSi-NPs treatment resulted in a higher content of essential linoleic acid (54.37%) when compared to the NPs-free control (51.57%), which had a higher determined oleic acid. No NPs or residual translocated metals were detected in the fully ripe sunflower seeds, except for slightly higher silica content after the AuSi-NPs treatment. Additionally, AuSi-NPs and NPs-free control showed wide insect biodiversity while ZnO-NPs treatment had the lowest value of phosphorus as anti-nutrient. Contradictory but insignificant effect on physiology, yield, and insect biodiversity was observed in Fe3O4-NPs treatment. Therefore, further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term environmental and agricultural sustainability of NPs applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12091789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1682561914000},"page":"1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Agronomic Investigation of Spray Dispersion of Metal-Based Nanoparticles on Sunflowers in Real-World Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kolen\u010d\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"\u0160ebesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013duba","family":"\u010euri\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7274-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"\u010e\u00faranov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"K\u0161i\u0148an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6376-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakanth","family":"Illa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati 522 237, Andra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Safarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry (ISBB), Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"\u010cern\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Krato\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, V\u0160B Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15\/2172, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"\u017ditniak \u010curn\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Ivani\u010d Porhaja\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Babo\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9501-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 070 43, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Dobro\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Bujdo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristyna Zelena","family":"Pospiskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadma","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211 004, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nand K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211 004, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasikumar","family":"Swamiappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2240-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Hospod\u00e1rska 7, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.-T. 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