{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:47:16Z","timestamp":1792806436264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq (Brazil)","award":["350509\/2020-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350509\/2020-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq (Brazil)","award":["302103\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302103\/2022-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The yerba mate leaf metabolic composition depends mainly on genetics, sex, plant and leaf age, light intensity, harvest time, climate, and fertilization. In yerba mate, the secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD), the leaf metabolic SSD association with the frequency of leaf harvests, and the stability of the metabolites in the two genders over the years is not known. It was hypothesized that (1) the SSD in the metabolite segregation would differ among the winter and summer growth pauses, (2) females would show lower metabolite concentrations, and (3) the metabolic concentrations would show stability over the years on the same plants, not obligatorily associated with the SSD stability expression. Variations in theobromine, caffeine, chlorogenic and caffeic acids were correlated to the increasing time since the previous harvest, especially in females. However, the frequency of the metabolic SSD were associated with the studied growth pauses, rejecting the first hypothesis. No regular gender superiority was expressed in the yerba mate leaf secondary metabolites, rejecting our second hypothesis, even though more cases of superior female metabolite accumulation were identified. The stability of the leaf protein was preserved over the four years, with no SSD cases observed. The leaf methylxanthines were time stable, while the decrease in the phenolic content occurred with tree aging, which was not associated with the SSD expression, partially proving our third hypothesis. The novelty was related to the time stability of the leaf metabolic SSD observed over the winter and summer growth pauses, and over the four consecutive years without a regular expression of the male- or female-biased concentrations in the studied metabolites. To demystify the random metabolic gender responses in yerba mate, gender-orientated experiments with a high number of tree repetitions must be conducted, including clonal plants grown in various environments, such as monoculture and agroforestry, or on plantations in different climates and altitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12112199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T01:33:54Z","timestamp":1685669634000},"page":"2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stability of Leaf Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Metabolite Concentrations over the Time from the Prism of Secondary Sexual Dimorphism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Rakocevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Embrapa Florestas, Colombo 83411-000, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Statistical Research Group, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguari\u00fana 13918-110, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9900-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline de Holanda Nunes","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Research Group, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguari\u00fana 13918-110, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Vinicius","family":"de Liz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Imoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Water and Wastewater Advanced Treatment Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology-Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81280-340, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Vieira","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Embrapa Florestas, Colombo 83411-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euclides Lara","family":"Cardozo Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, UNIPAR, Paranaense University, Toledo 85903-170, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivar","family":"Wendling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Embrapa Florestas, Colombo 83411-000, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(01)02055-6","article-title":"Caffeine: A well known but little mentioned compound in plant science","volume":"6","author":"Ashihara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009480200","article-title":"7-methylxanthine methyltransferase of coffee plants: Gene isolation and enzymatic properties","volume":"276","author":"Ogawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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