{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:24:13Z","timestamp":1790641453669,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kalanchoe species are succulents occurring in tropical regions. They have many biological and pharmacological properties. In this study, the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of water and dichloromethane Kalanchoe fractions obtained from ethanol extracts of three Kalanchoe species\u2014K. daigremontiana, K. pinnata, and K. blossfeldiana were estimated. The cytotoxic effect was assessed on human cancer cell lines\u2014ovarian SKOV-3, cervical HeLa, breast MCF-7, and melanoma A375\u2014by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The antimicrobial activity was estimated on selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains and on Candida albicans. The phytochemical analysis of selected Kalanchoe extracts was conducted by LC-QTOF-MS. The obtained results showed that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana was active both on the tested cancer cells (IC50 values were 28.28 \u00b1 2.76 and 32.51 \u00b1 0.69 \u00b5g\/mL on HeLa and SKOV-3, respectively) and bacteria strains (MIC values were 16 and 32 \u00b5g\/mL on S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively). The water fraction of K. pinnata also had a significant effect on S. epidermidis and S. aureus, with MIC values of 32 and 64 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The water fraction of K. blossfeldiana triggered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2\/M phase in the SKOV-3 and HeLa cells. This fraction did not significantly increase cellular oxidative stress level. The DPPH and ABTS assays revealed that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana had a strong antioxidant effect (IC50 was 9.44 \u00b1 0.06 and 3.17 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). The phytochemical analysis of the extracts of K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata revealed the presence of at least 218 main components. The most frequently occurring were flavonol glycosides (31 metabolites), phenylpropanoids (13 metabolites), gallic acid derivatives (13 compounds), benzoic acid derived compounds (14 metabolites), and acyclic alcohol glycosides (16 compounds). In addition, proanthocyanidins were detected mainly in K. blossfeldiana. The study indicates that the water fraction of K. blossfeldiana has significant biological potential and can be further investigated towards anticancer and antimicrobial application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12122268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:59:07Z","timestamp":1686535147000},"page":"2268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Kalanchoe sp. Extracts\u2014Phytochemistry, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Stefanowicz-Hajduk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Hering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7454-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Ha\u0142asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gucwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Renata","family":"Ochocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Ethno pharmacological and phyto pharmacological perception on Kalanchoe (Crassulacea)\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Selvakumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJPSR"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1478","article-title":"The miracle plant (Kalanchoe pinnata): A phytochemical and pharmacological review","volume":"2","author":"Majaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. 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