{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:33:24Z","timestamp":1787589204303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The production of blueberries for fresh and processed consumption is increasing globally and has more than doubled in the last decade. Blueberry is grown commercially across a variety of climates in over 30 countries. The major classes of plants utilized for the planting and breeding of new cultivars are highbush, lowbush, half-high, Rabbiteye, and Southern highbush. Plants can be propagated by cuttings or in vitro micropropagation techniques. In vitro propagation offers advantages for faster generation of a large number of disease-free plants independent of season. Labor costs for in vitro propagation can be reduced using new cultivation technology and automation. Here, we test and demonstrate successful culture conditions and medium compositions for in vitro initiation, multiplication, and rooting of the Southern highbush cultivar \u2018Blue Suede\u2122\u2019 (Vaccinium hybrid).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:27:32Z","timestamp":1690248452000},"page":"2752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Vitro Propagation of the Blueberry \u2018Blue Suede\u2122\u2019 (Vaccinium hybrid) in Semi-Solid Medium and Temporary Immersion Bioreactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kim-Cuong","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus K.","family":"Aidun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA"},{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrika","family":"Egertsdotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA"},{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), 901-83 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab137","article-title":"The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress","volume":"13","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109890","article-title":"Blueberry Fruit Valorization and Valuable Constituents: A Review","volume":"381","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.45.2.302","article-title":"\u2018Blue SuedeTM\u2019: A Southern Highbush Blueberry for the Home Gardener","volume":"45","author":"Nesmith","year":"2010","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2021.2013335","article-title":"Micropropagation of Vaccinium Virgatum \u2018Delite\u2019: A Rabbiteye Cultivar Adapted to Mild Winters","volume":"156","author":"Schuchovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.49.5.556","article-title":"Vegetative Growth of Three Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Obtained from Micropropagation and Softwood Cuttings in Two Florida Locations","volume":"49","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2016.1224606","article-title":"Temporary Immersion and Stationary Bioreactors for Mass Propagation of True-to-Type Highbush, Half-High, and Hybrid Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.)","volume":"92","author":"Debnath","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in the Spread of Vegetative Blueberry","volume":"41","author":"Schuch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Frutic."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cappelletti, R., and Mezzetti, B. (2016). XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): II International Berry Fruit Symposium: Interactions! Local and Global Berry Research and Innovation, Acta Horticulturae."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-016-2164-0","article-title":"LED Light for In Vitro and Ex Vitro Efficient Growth of Economically Important Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)","volume":"38","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.08.052","article-title":"Micropropagation of Blueberry \u2018Bluejay\u2019 and \u2018Pink Lemonade\u2019 through In Vitro Shoot Culture","volume":"226","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-017-1361-x","article-title":"Hyperhydricity-Induced Ultrastructural and Physiological Changes in Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)","volume":"133","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-019-01702-7","article-title":"Development of a Novel in Vitro Rooting Culture System for the Micropropagation of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Seedlings","volume":"139","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"387","article-title":"Technical Improvement of a New Bioreactor for Large Scale Micropropagation of Several Vaccinium cultivars","volume":"Volume 1180","author":"Welander","year":"2017","journal-title":"XI International Vaccinium Symposium"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.17129\/botsci.2135","article-title":"Establishment of Efficient Adventitious Shoots Induction System and Ex Vitro Rooting in Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae)","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debnath, S.C., and Goyali, J.C. (2020). In Vitro Propagation and Variation of Antioxidant Properties in Micropropagated Vaccinium Berry Plants\u2014A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040788"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-008-9186-2","article-title":"A Two-Step Procedure for Adventitious Shoot Regeneration on Excised Leaves of Lowbush Blueberry","volume":"45","author":"Debnath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.44.7.1962","article-title":"A Scale-up System for Lowbush Blueberry Micropropagation Using a Bioreactor","volume":"44","author":"Debnath","year":"2009","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2011.01.012","article-title":"Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in a Bioreactor System and EST-PCR Based Clonal Fidelity in Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)","volume":"128","author":"Debnath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"265","article-title":"Micropropagation in Vitro of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)","volume":"926","author":"Ostrolucka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps2012-307","article-title":"Morphology, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) Plants as Affected by In Vitro and Ex Vitro Propagation Methods","volume":"93","author":"Goyali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Santiago, J.P., and Smagula, J.M. (2013). V International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants, Acta Horticulturae."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2015.1098.14","article-title":"Micropropagation Affects Not Only the Fruit Morphology of Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) but Also Its Medicinal Properties","volume":"1098","author":"Goyali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.50.6.888","article-title":"Propagation Methods Affect Fruit Morphology and Antioxidant Properties but Maintain Clonal Fidelity in Lowbush Blueberry","volume":"50","author":"Goyali","year":"2015","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2016.05.016","article-title":"The Use of TDZ for the Efficient In Vitro Regeneration and Organogenesis of Strawberry and Blueberry Cultivars","volume":"207","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-004-6648-z","article-title":"Application of Bioreactor Systems for Large Scale Production of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants","volume":"81","author":"Paek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.865.4","article-title":"Berry Bioreactor Micropropation and Molecular Analysis for Genetic Fidelity","volume":"865","author":"Debnath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Paek, K.-Y., Murthy, H.N., and Zhong, J.-J. (2014). Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Hyperhydricity in Liquid Culture System BT\u2014Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds Using Bioreactor Technology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S.D., and Ibaraki, Y. (2006). Plant Tissue Culture Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-3694-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-29452021166","article-title":"Sucrose Concentration and Blueberry Plant Density in Temporary Immersion Systems (Tis)","volume":"43","author":"Ayub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Frutic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2013.45126","article-title":"An Approach for Micropropagation of Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Plants Mediated by Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs)","volume":"4","author":"Arencibia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Businge, E., Trifonova, A., Schneider, C., R\u00f6del, P., and Egertsdotter, U. (2017). Evaluation of a New Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System for Micropropagation of Cultivars of Eucalyptus, Birch and Fir. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8060196"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-018-9911-4","article-title":"Improved and Synchronized Maturation of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryos in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors","volume":"54","author":"Mamun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00684","article-title":"Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System for Propagation by Somatic Embryogenesis of Hybrid Larch (Larix \u00d7 Eurolepis Henry)","volume":"32","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps83-141","article-title":"Genetic Improvement of the Lowbush Blueberry, Vaccinium Angustifolium","volume":"1092","author":"Hall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"9","article-title":"Plant Biotechnology from Georgia Tech Can Help Sustain Georgia Blueberry Production","volume":"103","author":"Egertsdotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Farmers Consum. Mark. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1300\/J492v06n02_04","article-title":"Propagation of Vaccinium In Vitro: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Debnath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.4141\/P06-131","article-title":"Strategies to Propagate Vaccinium Nuclear Stocks for the Canadian Berry Industry","volume":"87","author":"Debnath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2000.tb00059.x","article-title":"Micropropagation of Three Berry Fruit Species Using Nodal Segments from Field-Grown Plants","volume":"137","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.12791\/KSBEC.2015.24.3.167","article-title":"Influence of Medium and Plant Growth Regulator on Micropropagation Efficiency in Blueberry","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prot. Hortic. Plant Fact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps83-054","article-title":"In Vitro Shoot Production of Lowbush Blueberry","volume":"63","author":"Fretti","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.21.4.1065","article-title":"Effect of Zeatin and 2iP on Shoot Proliferation of Three Highbush Blueberry Clones In Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Chandler","year":"2022","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"207","article-title":"In Vitro Propagation of Vaccinium Species","volume":"676","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Latv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2009.810.77","article-title":"Influences of Media and Cytokinins on Shoot Proliferation of \u201cBrightwell\u201d and \u201cChoice\u201d Blueberries In Vitro","volume":"810","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2006.725.19","article-title":"Agar Phenolic Impurities Affect the Biological Performance of in Vitro Cultures","volume":"725 I","author":"Beruto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhojwani, S.S., and Dantu, P.K. (2013). Culture Media BT\u2014Plant Tissue Culture: An Introductory Text, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1026-9"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12088","article-title":"The Use of Filter Paper Bridges for Initiating in Vitro Culture OF Viola Wittrockiana F1 Matrix \u201cBlue Blotch\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Blidar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.21448\/ijsm.496724","article-title":"Enhancement of Stevioside Production by Using Biotechnological Approach in In Vitro Culture of Stevia Rebaudiana","volume":"5","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Second. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Establishment of a Standard Protocol for In Vitro Meristem Culture and Plant Regeneration of Citrus Aurantifollia","volume":"10","author":"Sarker","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. Ver. II"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Bhalla-Sarin, N., and Varma, A. (2017). Lychee Disease Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4247-8"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"745","article-title":"New Protocol for in Vitro Propagation of Berry Plants by Tis Bioreactor","volume":"22","author":"Georgieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"314","article-title":"In Vitro Micropropagation of High Blueberry","volume":"27","author":"Wenjiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anhui Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Duhoky, M.M.S.S., Region, K., Omar, M.S., and Region, K. (2012). Athens: ATINER\u2019S Conference Paper Series, Athens Institute for Education and Research."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-020-00051-9","article-title":"Micropropagation of Tricholepis roylei Hook. F.\u2014A Point Endemic Species of the Western Himalaya","volume":"18","author":"Panwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1300\/J301v01n03_02","article-title":"In Vitro Culture of Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.): The Influence of Cytokinins and Media Types on Propagation","volume":"1","author":"Debnath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Small Fruits Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"421","article-title":"Commercially-Feasible Micropropagation of Mountain Laurel, Kalmia Latifolia, by Use of Shoot-Tip Culture","volume":"30","author":"Lloyd","year":"1980","journal-title":"Commer.-Feasible Micropropag. Mt. Laurel Kalmia Latifolia Use Shoot.-Tip Cult."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.27.10.1127","article-title":"Use of a Cytokinin Conjugate for Efficient Shoot Regeneration from Leaf Sections of Highbush Blueberry","volume":"27","author":"Rowland","year":"1992","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"93","article-title":"The Effect of Cytokinins on Micropropagation Success of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)","volume":"28","author":"Borsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Pract. Agric"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2008.06.028","article-title":"Evaluation of Basal Media for Micropropagation of Four Highbush Blueberry Cultivars","volume":"119","author":"Tetsumura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures","volume":"15","author":"Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.17221\/115\/2010-HORTSCI","article-title":"Micropropagation of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) through Shoot Tip Cultures","volume":"38","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/15\/2752\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:18:18Z","timestamp":1760127498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/15\/2752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12152752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12152752","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}