{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1771028036061,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP1\/165\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP1\/165\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant secondary metabolites are key components for new, safe and effective drugs. Ethanolic extract of Maesa indica Roxb. Sweet (ME) aerial parts were used for biosynthesis of sustainable green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with an average particle size 6.80 \u00b1 1.47 nm and zeta potential \u221219.7 mV. Both transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction assay confirmed the hexagonal shape of ZnO NPs. Phenolic ingredients in ME were identified using LC-ESI-MS\/MS-MRM revealing the identification of chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, vanillin, naringenin, quercetin, ellagic acid, 3.4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, methyl gallate, kaempferol, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and luteolin. The major compound was chlorogenic acid at concentration of 1803.84 \u03bcg\/g. The antiviral activity of ME, ZnO NPs, and combination of ME with ZnO NPs against coronavirus 229E were investigated. ZnO NPs had superior antiviral effect against coronavirus 229E than ME while their combination showed the highest anti-coronavirus 229E effect, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5.23 \u00b1 0.18 \u00b5g\/mL and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 138.49 \u00b1 0.26 \u00b5g\/mL while the selectivity index (SI) was 26.47. The current study highlighted the possible novel anti-coronavirus 229E activity of green ZnO NPs synthesized from Maesa indica. More studies are needed to further investigate this antiviral activity to be utilized in future biomedical and environmental applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1690767572000},"page":"2813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Phytochemical Profiling and Antiviral Activity of Green Sustainable Nanoparticles Derived from Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet against Human Coronavirus 229E"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9337-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Alzahra M.","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seham S.","family":"El-Hawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essam M.","family":"Abd El-Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Timber Trees Research, Horticultural Research Institute (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6266-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad Ali","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62251, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelaaty","family":"Rabeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62251, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliaa E. M. K.","family":"El-Mosallamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El Raey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania A.","family":"El Gedaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0637-1","article-title":"Developing a comprehensive definition of sustainability","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement. 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