{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:27:10Z","timestamp":1778261230587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARSIAL","award":["RM118164361B425B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM118164361B425B"]}]},{"name":"ARSIAL","award":["RM11916B8876093E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM11916B8876093E"]}]},{"name":"ARSIAL","award":["RM120172B8EB30C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM120172B8EB30C5"]}]},{"name":"ARSIAL","award":["RM12117A89F5B8BB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM12117A89F5B8BB"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM118164361B425B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM118164361B425B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM11916B8876093E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM11916B8876093E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM120172B8EB30C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM120172B8EB30C5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM12117A89F5B8BB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM12117A89F5B8BB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to investigate how essential oil production and associated chemical composition and related biological activity could be influenced by different cultivation treatments and distillation methods. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) were cultivated in absence of any fertilizer (control) and in presence of three different fertilizers: a chemical one with augmented mineral phosphorus and potassium, a second added with hydrolyzed organic substance and mineral phosphorus and potassium (organic\u2013mineral) and a third one treated with a high content of organic nitrogen of protein origin (organic). The plants were subjected to steam distillation using two modalities, recycled and continuous, to obtain 32 essential oil samples. Chemical composition analysis was performed using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry; in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. In general, the recycled distillation method appeared to have a slightly higher yield than the continuous method. The \u201cmineral\u201d and \u201corganic\u2013mineral\u201d treatments resulted in a higher yield compared to the \u201corganic\u201d or \u201ccontrol\u201d treatments, and this was particularly evident in the recycled method. The \u201ccontrol\u201d plants had a lower yield of essential oils. Anethole (13.9\u201359.5%) and estragole (13.4\u201352.2%) were the main constituents of the fennel oils; p-cymene and its derivatives carvacrol and thymol were the main constituents of the oregano and thyme samples. The antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 0.31 to 0.16% (v\/v); a lower effect of the oregano samples and no activity of the fennel samples were observed. The essential oils failed to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1690881280000},"page":"2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Different Soil Treatments on Production and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Extracted from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Raffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo Umberto","family":"Sapienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Astolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Fraschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6718-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mijat","family":"Bo\u017eovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, D\u017eord\u017ea Va\u0161ingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Artini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Trecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Appenninico del Terminillo \u201cCarlo Jucci\u201d, Perugia University, Via Comunali 43, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Vecchiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Appenninico del Terminillo \u201cCarlo Jucci\u201d, Perugia University, Via Comunali 43, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Papalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARSIAL Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo e l\u2019Innovazione dell\u2019Agricoltura del Lazio, Via R. Lanciani 38, 00162 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Selan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rino","family":"Ragno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127074","article-title":"From the environment to the hospital: How plants can help to fight bacteria biofilm","volume":"261","author":"Rossato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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