{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:11:40Z","timestamp":1791659500506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"Net4SCIENCE: Applied doctoral and postdoctoral research network in the fields of smart specialization Health and Bioeconomy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCU\/993\/6\/13\/154722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCU\/993\/6\/13\/154722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), a flowering plant with various traditional medicinal uses, has recently garnered interest for its therapeutic properties. However, little is known about the potential therapeutic activities of the plant species. The current study focused on conducting a comprehensive investigation into the chemical composition and bioactivity of black-eyed Susan cultivated in Romania. Untargeted metabolite profiling and UHPLC-HR-MS phytochemical analysis of the studied extract revealed the presence of more than 250 compounds pertaining to different classes, including sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, and fatty acids. The tested extract exhibited inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and showed promising antifungal activity. It also demonstrated potent antioxidant properties through iron chelation and 15-LOX inhibition capacities, as well as inhibition of cell growth, particularly on the MCF-7 cell line, suggesting potential anticancer effects. Therefore, current research provides valuable information on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor potential of Rudbeckia hirta flowers. Implicitly, the discovery of such a wide range of biosubstances, together with the biological activity observed for the studied extract in these preliminary in vitro studies, paves the way for future investigation of the potential application of the plant in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1691141309000},"page":"2871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preliminary Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Rudbeckia hirta Flowers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana Flavia","family":"Burlec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7407-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Pecio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 Street, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Mircea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tuchilu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Corciov\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Danciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Cioanc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1615-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Cezara","family":"Caba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8425-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomiia","family":"Pecio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 Street, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4189-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Oleszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 Street, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"H\u0103ncianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, January 23). Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), Available online: http:\/\/www.itis.gov."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brickell, C. (2010). RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, Dorling Kindersley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wells, D. (1997). 100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names, Algonquin Books."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin, B.G., Goldman, D.H., Keil, D.J., Patterson, R., Rosatti, T.J., and Wilken, D.H. (2012). The Digital Jepson Manual, University of California Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520951372"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.03.126","article-title":"Investigating the Potential of Under-Utilised Plants from the Asteraceae Family as a Source of Natural Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Extracts","volume":"161","author":"Kenny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., and Chang, L. (2017). Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5403-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.29.3.134","article-title":"Rudbeckia hirta L.: A Versatile North American Wildflower","volume":"29","author":"Harkess","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hortscience"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"USDA, NRCS (2023, March 15). The PLANTS. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC USA, Available online: https:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/home\/plantProfile?symbol=RUHI2."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Glimn-Lacy, J., and Kaufman, P.B. (2006). Botany Illustrated, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Branhagen, A. (2016). Native Plants of the Midwest: A Comprehensive Guide to the Best 500 Species for the Garden, Timber Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Native American Ethnobotany (2023, March 15). A Database of Foods, Drugs, Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples, Derived from Plants. Available online: http:\/\/naeb.brit.org\/uses\/species\/3476\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setzer, W. (2018). The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5040121"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"10688","article-title":"Morphological Characteristics and Polyphenol Variations in Rudbeckia hirta L.","volume":"20","author":"Mircea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00320-8","article-title":"Multiple Modes of Insecticidal Action of Three Classes of Polyacetylene Derivatives from Rudbeckia hirta","volume":"46","author":"Guillet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80762-3","article-title":"Dithiacyclohexadienes and Thiophenes of Rudbeckia hirta","volume":"27","author":"Constabel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.825916","article-title":"A New Highly Oxygenated Pseudoguaianolide with 5-LOX Inhibitory Activity from Rudbeckia hirta L. Flowers","volume":"27","author":"Michael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2021.100530","article-title":"The Genus Rudbeckia: A Critical Review of Its Traditional Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology","volume":"31","author":"Vardeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3393","article-title":"MS-DIAL: Data-Independent MS\/MS Deconvolution for Comprehensive Metabolome Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7946","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00770","article-title":"Hydrogen Rearrangement Rules: Computational MS\/MS Fragmentation and Structure Elucidation Using MS-FINDER Software","volume":"88","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0344-8","article-title":"SIRIUS 4: A Rapid Tool for Turning Tandem Mass Spectra into Metabolite Structure Information","volume":"16","author":"Fleischauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03099","article-title":"MetGem Software for the Generation of Molecular Networks Based on the T-SNE Algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Olivon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0317-5","article-title":"Reproducible Molecular Networking of Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Data Using GNPS","volume":"15","author":"Aron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Din, M.I.G., Fahmy, N.M., Wu, F., Salem, M.M., Khattab, O.M., El-Seedi, H.R., Korinek, M., Hwang, T.-L., Osman, A.K., and El-Shazly, M. (2022). Comparative LC\u2013LTQ\u2013MS\u2013MS Analysis of the Leaf Extracts of Lantana camara and Lantana montevidensis Growing in Egypt with Insights into Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11131699"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80125-0","article-title":"Sesquiterpenes from Rudebeckia grandiflora","volume":"27","author":"Vasquez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00320a026","article-title":"Antileukemic C-15-Functionalized Ambrosanolides from Rudbeckia mollis","volume":"46","author":"Herz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)80361-H","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Lactones and Other Constituents from Rudbeckia mollis","volume":"31","author":"Vasquez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.11.020","article-title":"Flavonoids from Malus hupehensis and Their Cardioprotective Effects against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in H9c2 Cells","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)81304-7","article-title":"Glucosylated Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Sorghum","volume":"25","author":"Gujer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1021\/np960456n","article-title":"Eleven New Eudesmane Derivatives from Laggera pterodonta","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.222","article-title":"The Essential Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. Var","volume":"54","author":"Baser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Discoidea BOISS. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"143","article-title":"High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Polymethoxylated Flavonols in Soil-Grown Plant and In Vitro Cultures of Rudbeckia hirta L.","volume":"55","author":"Cisowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm.\u2014Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)80813-4","article-title":"Trihydroxy-C18-Acids and a Labdane from Rudbeckia fulgida","volume":"24","author":"Herz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00365-X","article-title":"Acylated Flavonol Glycosides from Eugenia jambolana Leaves","volume":"58","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"417","article-title":"6-Methoxylated Flavonoids: Jacein, and 3-Demethyljacein from Centaurea Schmidii with Their Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptotic Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells Along with In-Silico Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Aghaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.04.017","article-title":"Formation of UV-Honey Guides in Rudbeckia hirta","volume":"70","author":"Schlangen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.891202","article-title":"Evidence-Based Medicinal Value of Rudbeckia hirta L. Flowers","volume":"28","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.12.011","article-title":"Chemistry and Bioactivity of Nobiletin and Its Metabolites","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960069","article-title":"Flavonoids and Sesquiterpene Lactones of Artemisia mesatlantica","volume":"57","author":"Holeman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)83189-R","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Conjugates and Betacyanins from Cell Cultures of Beta vulgaris","volume":"30","author":"Bokern","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112861","article-title":"Determination of Phenolic Profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana Fractions and Their in Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects","volume":"190","author":"Kozachok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25675","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02899","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Chlorogenic Acids from the Root Bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1299","article-title":"Profling the Chlorogenic Acids of Rudbeckia hirta, Helianthus tuberosus, Carlina acaulis and Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Leavesby LC-MSN","volume":"22","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(86)88040-2","article-title":"Heliangolides and Acyclic Diterpene from Viguiera gilliesii","volume":"25","author":"Guerreiro","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2013.10.003","article-title":"Scapiformolactones A-I: Germacrane Sesquiterpenoids with an Unusual \u03943-15,6-Lactone Moiety from Salvia scapiformis","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2000-7-810","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Lactones from Centaurea achaia, a Greek Endemic Species: Antifungal Activity","volume":"55","author":"Skaltsa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00587-6","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Lactones from Onopordon laconicum and O. sibthorpianum","volume":"47","author":"Lazari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)84954-7","article-title":"Pseudoguaianolides and Other Sesquiterpene Lactones from Gaillardia Species","volume":"23","author":"Bohlmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1135\/cccc19840852","article-title":"Components of the Extract from the Underground Parts of Laserpitium siler L. of Slovenian Origin, Mainly Sesquiterpenic Lactones","volume":"49","author":"Holub","year":"1984","journal-title":"Collect. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600690916","article-title":"Antitumor Agents XXXVI: Structural Elucidation of Sesquiterpene Lactones Microhelenins-A, B, and C, Microlenin Acetate, and Plenolin from Helenium microcephalum","volume":"69","author":"Imakura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1021\/np200499d","article-title":"Antiplasmodial and Antiproliferative Pseudoguaianolides of Athroisma proteiforme from the Madagascar Dry Forest","volume":"74","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2002-7-802","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Lactones from Achillea collina Becker","volume":"57","author":"Mustakerova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(82)83037-9","article-title":"New Germacranolides and Other Sesquiterpene Lactones from Dicoma Species","volume":"21","author":"Bohlmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.05.025","article-title":"Trilobolide and Related Sesquiterpene Lactones from Laser trilobum Possessing Immunobiological Properties","volume":"89","author":"Harmatha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)83118-I","article-title":"Helenanolides, Guaianolide Glucosides and Other Constituents of Two Helenium donianum Varieties","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.36.2466","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Glycosides and Saponins from Cynara cardunculus L.","volume":"36","author":"Shimizu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(90)85117-X","article-title":"Sesquiterpene Lactones and Lignanes from Rudbeckia Species","volume":"29","author":"Vasquez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.45.1498","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents of Chinese Natural Medicines. IV. Rhodiolae Radix. (2).: On the Histamine Release Inhibitors from the Underground Part of Rhodiola sacra (PRAIN Ex HAMET) S. H. Fu (Crassulaceae): Chemical Structures of Rhodiocyanoside","volume":"45","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1021\/np0206110","article-title":"Seco-Prezizaane-Type Sesquiterpenes and an Abietane-Type Diterpene from Illicium minwanense","volume":"66","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1021\/jf026187q","article-title":"Hierarchical Scheme for LC-MSn Identification of Chlorogenic Acid","volume":"51","author":"Clifford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0199-y","article-title":"A New Flavonol Glycoside from the Aerial Part of Rudbeckia laciniata","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(01)00226-4","article-title":"Determination of Flavone, Flavonol, and Flavanone Aglycones by Negative Ion Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"12","author":"Fabre","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.586","article-title":"Characterization of the Interglycosidic Linkage in Di-, Tri-, Tetra- and Pentaglycosylated Flavonoids and Differentiation of Positional Isomers by Liquid Chromatography\/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferreres","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outliningtheir Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.04.005","article-title":"Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Iron Chelators","volume":"2","author":"Adjimani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherrak, S.A., Mokhtari-Soulimane, N., Berroukeche, F., Bensenane, B., Cherbonnel, A., Merzouk, H., and Elhabiri, M. (2016). In Vitro Antioxidant versus Metal Ion Chelating Properties of Flavonoids: A Structure-Activity Investigation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165575"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060986h","article-title":"Iron Chelation by the Powerful Antioxidant Flavonoid Quercetin","volume":"54","author":"Leopoldini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.05.002","article-title":"Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity of Natural Plant Polyphenols on Soybean Lipoxygenase by UFLC-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9738-9","article-title":"The Importance of 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment","volume":"37","author":"Orafaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000613v","article-title":"Inhibitors of 15-Lipoxygenase from Orange Peel","volume":"48","author":"Malterud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00508-2","article-title":"Dihydrolipoic Acid Inhibits 15-Lipoxygenase-Dependent Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"35","author":"Lapenna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"36","article-title":"Leaf Essential Oil Compositions of Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton, Rudbeckia hirta L., and Symphyotrichum novaeangliae (L.) G.L. Nesom (Asteraceae)","volume":"2","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"645","article-title":"Promising Biological Activities of Sesquiterpene Lactones","volume":"121","author":"Burlec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. -Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005986606010","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid Composition of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"48","author":"Nohara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Welsh, J. (2013). Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2010.06.002","article-title":"What Made Sesquiterpene Lactones Reach Cancer Clinical Trials?","volume":"15","author":"Ghantous","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.07.018","article-title":"Selective Cytotoxicity, Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression, and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Sesquiterpenoids from Inula lineariifolia Turcz","volume":"68","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140063","article-title":"Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Lactones from the Aerial Parts of Inula aucheriana","volume":"87","author":"Gohari","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1021\/np960517h","article-title":"Structure\u2212Cytotoxicity Relationships of Some Helenanolide-Type Sesquiterpene Lactones","volume":"60","author":"Beekman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1849195","article-title":"Docking Studies of Sesquiterpene Lactones Isolated from Ambrosia maritima L. Reveals Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities","volume":"36","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3838(200208)21:3<276::AID-QSAR276>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationships of Sesquiterpene Lactones Derived from Partial Charge (Q)-Based Fractional Accessible Surface Area Descriptors (Q_frASAs)","volume":"21","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quant. Struct. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2697","article-title":"Antiproliferative Effect of Flavonoids and Sesquiterpenoids from Achillea millefolium s.l. on Cultured Human Tumour Cell Lines","volume":"23","author":"Falkay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2016v8i9.12814","article-title":"Cytotoxic And Antioxidant Activities Of Secondary Metabolites from Pulicaria undulata","volume":"8","author":"Hussien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v22i4.12","article-title":"Cytotoxic and Alpha Amylase-Inhibitory Metabolites from Tagetes minuta: In Vitro Evaluation and Docking Studies","volume":"22","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Mircea, C.-C. (2015). Cercet\u0103ri Privind Utilizarea \u0219i Valorificarea Plantelor Ornamentale cu Propriet\u0103\u0163i Alergenice \u0219i Toxice, Iasi University of Life Sciences."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakowska-Sieprawska, A., Kie\u0142basa, A., Rafi\u0144ska, K., Ligor, M., and Buszewski, B. (2022). Modern Methods of Pre-Treatment of Plant Material for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030730"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0177-x","article-title":"Techniques for Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.008","article-title":"Optimization of Polyphenols Extraction from Dried Chokeberry Using Maceration as Traditional Technique","volume":"194","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlec, A.F., Pecio, \u0141., Kozachok, S., Mircea, C., Corciov\u0103, A., Vere\u0219tiuc, L., Cioanc\u0103, O., Oleszek, W., and H\u0103ncianu, M. (2021). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Tagetes erecta L. Flowers. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051201"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlec, A.F., Pecio, \u0141., Mircea, C., Cioanc\u0103, O., Corciov\u0103, A., Nicolescu, A., Oleszek, W., and H\u0103ncianu, M. (2019). Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Zinnia elegans Jacq. Fractions. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162934"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batir-Marin, D., Boev, M., Cioanca, O., Mircea, C., Burlec, A.F., Beppe, G.J., Spac, A., Corciova, A., Hritcu, L., and Hancianu, M. (2021). Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Enhancing Properties of Selective Equisetum Extracts. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092565"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.09.049","article-title":"Hot vs. Cold Water Steeping of Different Teas: Do They Affect Antioxidant Activity?","volume":"119","author":"Venditti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2019.3.4","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Chrysanthemum and Tagetes Selective Extracts","volume":"67","author":"Burlec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danciu, C., Zupko, I., Bor, A., Schwiebs, A., Radeke, H., Hancianu, M., Cioanca, O., Alexa, E., Oprean, C., and Bojin, F. (2018). Botanical Therapeutics: Phytochemical Screening and Biological Assessment of Chamomile, Parsley and Celery Extracts against A375 Human Melanoma and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113624"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danciu, C., Muntean, D., Alexa, E., Farcas, C., Oprean, C., Zupko, I., Bor, A., Minda, D., Proks, M., and Buda, V. (2018). Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Potential of Ephedra alata Decne. Hydroalcoholic Extract against the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010013"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/15\/2871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:25:55Z","timestamp":1760127955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/15\/2871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12152871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12152871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]}}}