{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:13:10Z","timestamp":1789625590687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A6C101A191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6C101A191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute (National research Facilities and Equipment Center)","award":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"]}]},{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute (National research Facilities and Equipment Center)","award":["2020R1A6C101A191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6C101A191"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is a protective mechanism against harmful stimuli. There are two types of inflammation, acute and chronic, and severe diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer can be caused by chronic inflammation. Therefore, this research was conducted to discover new anti-inflammatory drugs. Meriania hexamera Sprague is a common herb in the Amazon region in South America. It is used as a traditional medical herb by natives, but no studies to date have investigated its anti-inflammatory activity. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CSK4 (Pam3), and poly(I:C), we studied the M. hexamera Sprague\u2013Methanol Extract\u2019s (Mh-ME) in vitro anti-inflammatory functions. Using RAW264.7 cells, we detected the released nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA expression extent of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with pro-inflammatory proteins like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and iterleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2). It was found that Mh-ME suppressed the inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. In the luciferase assay, the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of the activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) pathway was inhibited by Mh-ME. Mh-ME especially acted as an inhibitor of Syk kinase according to the results from CETSA. We also confirmed that Mh-ME mitigates acute gastritis derived from HCl\/EtOH in ICR mice, ameliorating the expression of IL-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1). In conclusion, Mh-ME is an herb with anti-inflammatory effects that targets Syk in the NF-\u03baB pathway, suggesting that Mh-ME could be used as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:09:53Z","timestamp":1692871793000},"page":"3044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Meriania hexamera Sprague by Targeting Syk Kinase in NF-\u03baB Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ki Woong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8818-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyoung","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de BioEconomia, El Batan, Quito 170135, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Keun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Youl","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010054022024","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.01.004","article-title":"Ginseng, a promising choice for SARS-COV-2: A mini review","volume":"46","author":"Ratan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","article-title":"A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity","volume":"388","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21129","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009164200","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide is in close proximity to each of the proteins in its membrane receptor complex","volume":"276","author":"Soldau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.2RI1115-531R","article-title":"TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, its functions in host defense and inflammation, and its potential as a therapeutic target","volume":"100","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leuk. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11830","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: A key role in inflammatory diseases","volume":"107","author":"Tak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.08.011","article-title":"Distinct role of spleen tyrosine kinase in the early phosphorylation of inhibitor of \u03baB\u03b1 via activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase and Akt pathways","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.01.006","article-title":"LPS\/TLR4 signal transduction pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700701","article-title":"Inflammation in wound repair: Molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"127","author":"Eming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.009","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Libby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"47","article-title":"Medicinal uses of species from Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae families in Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Cruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Floresta Ambiente"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valverde Malaver, C.L., Colmenares Dulcey, A.J., Rial, C., Varela, R.M., Molinillo, J.M.G., Mac\u00edas, F.A., and Isaza Mart\u00ednez, J.H. (2019). Hydrolysable tannins and biological activities of Meriania hernandoi and Meriania nobilis (Melastomataceae). Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040746"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.01.030","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms of Artemisia asiatica ethanol extract","volume":"152","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.04.025","article-title":"Wogonoside displays anti-inflammatory effects through modulating inflammatory mediator expression using RAW264.7 cells","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.08.004","article-title":"The regulatory role of Korean ginseng in skin cells","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H., Jiang, J., Shu, J., Huang, M., Zhang, Q.L., Wu, L.J., and Sun, W.K. (Inflammation, 2023). Bavachinin ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis inflammation via PPARG\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway, Inflammation, in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01855-w"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.1353","article-title":"Effect of various catechins on the IL-12p40 production by murine peritoneal macrophages and a macrophage cell line, J774.1","volume":"27","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0420","article-title":"AST\/ALT levels, MDA, and liver histopathology of Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"32","author":"Kresnamurti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_48_17","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of Berberis vulgaris leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"7","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"82","article-title":"Ibuprofen in the treatment of children\u2019s inflammatory pain: A clinical and pharmacological overview","volume":"71","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050284","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanism of action","volume":"47","author":"Vane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1516143","article-title":"NSAID induced gastrointestinal damage and designing GI-sparing NSAIDs","volume":"11","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00648-0","article-title":"Trimetazidine attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via inhibiting NLRP3\/GSDMD pathway-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.10043","article-title":"Ranitidine and Risk of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Formation","volume":"326","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.037","article-title":"Ranitidine use and cancer risk: Results from UK biobank","volume":"160","author":"Kantor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113979","article-title":"Chemical profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana (Melastomataceae) fruits extract","volume":"273","author":"Bianchin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00329.x","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in inflammatory reactions","volume":"51","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010054526359","article-title":"Nitric oxide production and signaling in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Korhonen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.19","article-title":"The contribution of the pyrogallol moiety to the superoxide radical scavenging activity of flavonoids","volume":"25","author":"Furuno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800308","article-title":"Cytokines, sepsis and immunomodulation","volume":"80","author":"Molloy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.2116","article-title":"Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA","volume":"157","author":"Stacey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1208763","article-title":"TLR4\/MyD88\/PI3K interactions regulate TLR4 signaling","volume":"85","author":"Laird","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leuk. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian, F., Smith, E., and Carmody, R. (2016). The Regulation of NF-\u03baB subunits by phosphorylation. Cells, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells5010012"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11914","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-\u03baB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer","volume":"107","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000034","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000034","article-title":"The NF-kB family of transcription factors and its regulation","volume":"1","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2018.1529117","article-title":"RasGRF2 promotes migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by modulating expression of MMP9 through Src\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.7001","article-title":"Src Tyrosine kinases mediate activations of NF-\u03baB and integrin signal during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury","volume":"179","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a002352","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002352","article-title":"Src-family and Syk kinases in activating and inhibitory pathways in innate immune cells: Signaling cross talk","volume":"3","author":"Lowell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.102","article-title":"Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"2","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.P., Kim, D.S., Park, S.H., Shin, C.Y., Woo, J.J., Kim, J.W., An, R.B., Lee, C., and Cho, J.Y. (2022). Antioxidant capacity of Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. and its beneficial effects related to anti-Aging in HaCaT and B16F10 Cells. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070873"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.08.003","article-title":"Syringaresinol derived from Panax ginseng berry attenuates oxidative stress-induced skin aging via autophagy","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.03.009","article-title":"Korean Red Ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory and autophagy-promoting activities in aged mice","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.12.003","article-title":"Enhancement of skin barrier and hydration-related molecules by protopanaxatriol in human keratinocytes","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.09.024","article-title":"Experimental gastritis in mice enhances anxiety in a gender-related manner","volume":"150","author":"Painsipp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.04.003","article-title":"Korean Red Ginseng water extract inhibits cadmium-induced lung injury via suppressing MAPK\/ERK1\/2\/AP-1 pathway","volume":"46","author":"Mitra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/17\/3044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:11Z","timestamp":1760128691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/17\/3044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12173044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12173044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]}}}