{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:32:33Z","timestamp":1787848353189,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","award":["PON-MIUR 03PE000_78_1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON-MIUR 03PE000_78_1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","award":["PONMIUR 03PE000_78_2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PONMIUR 03PE000_78_2"]}]},{"name":"PRIR Calabria Asse 1\/Azione 1.5.1\/FESR (Progetto AgrInfra Calabria)\/PRIR Calabria","award":["PON-MIUR 03PE000_78_1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON-MIUR 03PE000_78_1"]}]},{"name":"PRIR Calabria Asse 1\/Azione 1.5.1\/FESR (Progetto AgrInfra Calabria)\/PRIR Calabria","award":["PONMIUR 03PE000_78_2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PONMIUR 03PE000_78_2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. is a native Mediterranean shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is well-known as a flavoring and spicing agent. In addition to its classical use, it has drawn attention because its biological activities, due particularly to the presence of polyphenols, including carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, and phenolic diterpenes as carnosol. In this study, the aerial part of rosemary was extracted with a hydroalcoholic solution through maceration, followed by ultrasound sonication, to obtain a terpenoids-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (TRSrE) and a polyphenols-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (PRSrE). After phytochemical characterization, both extracts were investigated for their antioxidant activity through a classical assay and with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for their DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging. Finally, their potential beneficial effects to reduce lipid accumulation in an in vitro model of NAFLD were evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12183306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T02:47:52Z","timestamp":1695091672000},"page":"3306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (Lamiaceae) Hydroalcoholic Extract: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Evaluation of Fatty Acid Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Musolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2345-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Macr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cardamone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Tucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&AD Srl, 89032 Bianco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Lupia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Maurotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0881-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Mare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Nucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Marrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Coppoletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Carresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Gliozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mollace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Macedo, L.M., dos Santos, \u00c9.M., Milit\u00e3o, L., Tundisi, L.L., Ataide, J.A., Souto, E.B., and Mazzola, P.G. (2020). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.; syn Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) and Its Topical Applications: A Review. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050651"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leporini, M., Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M.R., Passalacqua, N.G., and Tundis, R. (2020). The Essential Oil of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. from Italy as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds: Chemical Profile and Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060798"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, J.R., Camargo, S.E.A., and de Oliveira, L.D. (2019). Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J. Biomed. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0499-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.12705\/661.7","article-title":"Salvia united: The greatest good for the greatest number","volume":"66","author":"Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.07.015","article-title":"A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)","volume":"45","author":"Cavaleiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012053","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/854\/1\/012053","article-title":"Preservation of meat products with natural antioxidants from rosemary","volume":"854","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"454","article-title":"Improved Properties and Microbiological Safety of Novel Cottage Cheese Containing Spices","volume":"53","author":"Frece","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"461","article-title":"De-orientalising Ritual Blood Calabria\u2019s Vattienti, a Case Study","volume":"54","author":"Loi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Ca\u2019 Foscari Ser. Orient."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkic, A., and Stappen, I. (2018). Essential Oils and Their Single Compounds in Cosmetics\u2014A Critical Review. Cosmetics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics5010011"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Puerto, J. (2005). La Fuerza de Fierabr\u00e1s. Medicina, Ciencia y Terap\u00e9utica en Tiempos del Quijote, Editorial Just in Time SL."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2174\/157488711304180911095818","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent","volume":"13","author":"Colica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ferreira, H.P. (2010). Assessment Report on Rosmarinus officinalis L., Aetheroleum and Rosmarinus officinalis L., Folium, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2013.764189","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Aerial Parts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil Growing Wild in Lebanon","volume":"16","author":"Apostolides","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92867","DOI":"10.5812\/gct.92867","article-title":"Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Plant Extract on Trichomonas vaginalis Parasites and Candida albicans under Laboratory Conditions: An Experimental Study","volume":"6","author":"Saeidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene Cell Tissue"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520611313050011","article-title":"Antiproliferative activities on renal, prostate and melanoma cancer cell lines of Sarcopoterium spinosum aerial parts and its major constituent tormentic acid","volume":"13","author":"Loizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100332w","article-title":"Flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis","volume":"58","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120585","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves as a Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra\u0161kovi\u0107, A., Milanovi\u0107, I., Pavlovi\u0107, N., \u0106ebovi\u0107, T., Vukmirovi\u0107, S., and Mikov, M. (2014). Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-225"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.490883","article-title":"Rosemary and Cancer Prevention: Preclinical Perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Ngo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morel, S., Hugon, G., Vitou, M., V\u00e9d\u00e8re, M., Fons, F., Rapior, S., Saint, N., and Carnac, G. (2021). A Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Rosemary Leaf Extract Identifies Carnosol as a Major Hypertrophy Inducer in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124190"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.12816\/0001643","article-title":"Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis on Lipid Profile of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"53","author":"Soliman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7356","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01677E","article-title":"Regulation effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) on hepatic lipid metabolism in OA induced NAFLD rats","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59485-3","article-title":"Bergamot Polyphenols Improve Dyslipidemia and Pathophysiological Features in a Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"10","author":"Musolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05228-5","article-title":"MAFLD progression contributes to altered thalamus metabolism and brain structure","volume":"12","author":"Nucera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0581574","article-title":"Radioprotective-antimutagenic effects of rosemary phenolics against chromosomal damage induced in human lymphocytes by gamma-rays","volume":"54","author":"Castillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0300745","article-title":"Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity","volume":"51","author":"Lorente","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2007.05.013","article-title":"Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis\u2019 calli","volume":"164","author":"Nartop","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0177-x","article-title":"Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation","volume":"4","author":"Nn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.05.040","article-title":"An insight into the extraction and fractionation technologies of the essential oils and bioactive compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Past, present and future","volume":"118","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09745-5","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.): Extraction techniques, analytical methods and health-promoting biological effects","volume":"20","author":"Furlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review","volume":"34","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musolino, V., Macr\u00ec, R., Cardamone, A., Serra, M., Coppoletta, A.R., Tucci, L., Maiuolo, J., Lupia, C., Scarano, F., and Carresi, C. (2022). Nocellara Del Belice (Olea europaea L. Cultivar): Leaf Extract Concentrated in Phenolic Compounds and Its Anti-Inflammatory and Radical Scavenging Activity. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010027"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.07.070","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds: Oleuropein, phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols and flavonoids from olive leaves and evaluation of its antioxidant activities","volume":"124","author":"Irakli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.01.058","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and sesamol","volume":"110","author":"Erkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.01.031","article-title":"Novel approaches to optimize extraction processes of ursolic, oleanolic and rosmarinic acids from Rosmarinus officinalis leaves","volume":"84","author":"Bernatoniene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, A., Morales-Tapia, P., Moncada-Basualto, M., Pozo-Mart\u00ednez, J., Olea-Azar, C., Nesic, A., and Cabrera-Barjas, G. (2022). Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity (ORAC, EPR and Cellular) of Different Extracts of Argylia radiata Vitroplants and Natural Roots. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030610"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollace, R., Macr\u00ec, R., Tavernese, A., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Carresi, C., Maiuolo, J., Fini, M., Volterrani, M., and Mollace, V. (2022). Comparative Effect of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction and Red Yeast Rice Extract in Rats Fed a Hyperlipidemic Diet: Role of Antioxidant Properties and PCSK9 Expression. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030477"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamponi, S., Baratto, M.C., Miraldi, E., Baini, G., and Biagi, M. (2021). Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative, Anticoagulant and Mutagenic Effects of a Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tuscan Rosmarinus officinalis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010097"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-013-1482-8","article-title":"Phytotoxic activity of Cachrys pungens Jan, a mediterranean species: Separation, identification and quantification of potential allelochemicals","volume":"36","author":"Araniti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Nagarajan, A., and Uchil, P.D. (2018). Analysis of Cell Viability by the MTT Assay. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 6.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot095505"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chiara, F., Ferret-Mi\u00f1ana, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Costa, J.M., Senni, A., Jalan, R., and Ram\u00f3n-Azc\u00f3n, J. (2022). Fatty Hepatocytes Induce Skeletal Muscle Atrophy In Vitro: A New 3D Platform to Study the Protective Effect of Albumin in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10050958"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., and Kempson, I. (2021). The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312827"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorov\u00e1, D., Karalija, E., Dahija, S., Be\u0161ta-Gajevi\u0107, R., Pari\u0107, A., and \u0106avar Zeljkovi\u0107, S. (2021). Influence of Extraction Solvent on the Phenolic Profile and Bioactivity of Two Achillea Species. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061601"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.042","article-title":"Multiresponse optimization of an extraction procedure of carnosol and rosmarinic and carnosic acids from rosemary","volume":"211","author":"Leles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700397","article-title":"What is the best ethanol-water ratio for the extraction of antioxidants from rosemary? Impact of the solvent on yield, composition, and activity of the extracts","volume":"39","author":"Laguerre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01217-8","article-title":"Techniques and modeling of polyphenol extraction from food: A review","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2008.06.007","article-title":"The enhancement and scale up of the extraction of anti-oxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis using ultrasound","volume":"16","author":"Paniwnyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118761","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1118761","article-title":"New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food","volume":"10","author":"Plaskova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1821","article-title":"Methods for extraction and determination of phenolic acids in medicinal plants: A review","volume":"8","author":"Arceusz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2021-0061","article-title":"Optimized extraction of polyphenols from leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in Lam Dong province, Vietnam, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity","volume":"19","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09277","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) growth rate, oil yield and oil quality under differing soil amendments","volume":"8","author":"Mwithiga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Fraihat, A.H., Al-Dalain, S.Y., Zatimeh, A.A., and Haddad, M.A. (2023). Enhancing Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) Growth and Volatile Oil Constituents Grown under Soil Salinity Stress by Some Amino Acids. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020252"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07298-x","article-title":"Seasonal variability in essential oil composition and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. accessions in the western Himalaya","volume":"12","author":"Rathore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.03.333","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco, Italy and France: Insight into chemical compositions and biological properties","volume":"45","author":"Oualdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontillo, A.R.N., Papakosta-Tsigkri, L., Lymperopoulou, T., Mamma, D., Kekos, D., and Detsi, A. (2021). Conventional and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Rosemary Leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.): Toward a Greener Approach to High Added-Value Extracts. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083724"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"8441","article-title":"Effects of extraction technique and solvent on phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of cultivated and wild rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Taounate region","volume":"12","author":"Zeroual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"337","article-title":"Screening of the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of three native plants","volume":"9","author":"Butu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct. (DJNB)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, P., Cirlini, M., Tassotti, M., Herrlinger, K.A., Dall\u2019Asta, C., and Del Rio, D. (2016). Phytochemical Profiling of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Terpenoids, and Volatile Fraction of a Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111576"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2096607","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and anti-denaturation effects of Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I. M. Johnst. fruit extract","volume":"37","author":"Marrelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"193","article-title":"Carnosic acid protects mice from high-fat diet-induced NAFLD by regulating MARCKS","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habtemariam, S. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Mechanisms of Natural Products: Insight from Rosemary Diterpenes, Carnosic Acid and Carnosol. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020545"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassir, F. (2022). NAFLD: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Biomarkers. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060824"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, P., and Liu, Y. (2022). Terpenoids: Natural Compounds for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Therapy. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010272"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"952","article-title":"Screening of herbal extracts for activation of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor","volume":"61","author":"Rau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Die Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400298c","article-title":"Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract regulates glucose and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK and PPAR pathways in HepG2 cells","volume":"61","author":"Tu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-06941-x","article-title":"The Role of AMPK Activation for Cardioprotection in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Timm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.670588","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) regulatory cascade in cardiac physiology and disease","volume":"115","author":"Finck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809406115","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase activation and NADPH oxidase inhibition by inorganic nitrate and nitrite prevent liver steatosis","volume":"116","author":"Kozyra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scicchitano, M., Carresi, C., Nucera, S., Ruga, S., Maiuolo, J., Macr\u00ec, R., Scarano, F., Bosco, F., Mollace, R., and Cardamone, A. (2021). Icariin Protects H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts from Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Role of Caveolin-1 Upregulation and Enhanced Autophagic Response. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114070"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2018.04.007","article-title":"Anti-oxidant effect of bergamot polyphenolic fraction counteracts doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy: Role of autophagy and c-kitposCD45negCD31negcardiac stem cell activation","volume":"119","author":"Carresi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/18\/3306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:53:18Z","timestamp":1760129598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/18\/3306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12183306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12183306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]}}}