{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1789038479442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the toxic effects of lead (Pb) on key metabolic activities essential for proper germination and seedling growth of maize seeds, experiments were carried out with different levels of Pb (0 to 120 mg of Pb L\u22121 as PbCl2) applied through growth medium to two maize hybrids H-3310S and H-6724. The research findings indicated that growth and metabolic activities were adversely affected by increased Pb contamination in growth medium; however, a slow increase in these parameters was recorded with increasing time from 0 to 120 h. Protease activity decreased with an increase in the level of Pb contamination but increased with time; consequently, a reduction in seed proteins and an increase in total free amino acids were observed with time. Similarly, \u03b1-amylase activity decreased with an increase in Pb concentration in growth medium while it increased with increasing time from 0 to 120 h; consequently, reducing and non-reducing sugars increased with time but decreased with exposure to lead. The roots of both maize hybrids had higher Pb contents than those of the shoot, which decreased the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. All these nutrients are essential for optimal plant growth; therefore, the reduction in growth and biomass of maize seedlings could be due to Pb toxicity that altered metabolic processes, as sugar and amino acids are necessary for the synthesis of metabolic compounds, rapid cell division, and proper functioning of enzymes in the growing embryo, but all were dramatically reduced due to suppression of protease and \u03b1-amylase by toxicity of Pb. In general, hybrid H-3310S performed better in Pb-contaminated growth medium than H-6724.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12183335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T04:53:05Z","timestamp":1695271985000},"page":"3335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lead Toxicity-Mediated Growth and Metabolic Alterations at Early Seedling Stages of Maize (Zea mays L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Talha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Yousaf","family":"Shani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Yasin","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"De Mastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Kashif Riaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Wajih ul Hassan Shah","family":"Gillani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7064-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeel","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Cocozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Khan, K. 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