{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:42:29Z","timestamp":1791826949962,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation Research South Africa","award":["117898 (VJT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117898 (VJT)"]}]},{"name":"Tshwane University of Technology","award":["117898 (VJT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117898 (VJT)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary metabolites were isolated using chromatographic techniques after being extracted sequentially from the roots of Artemisia afra using organic solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and cytotoxicity activities. Spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS), were used to elucidate the structures of the isolated compounds. The phytochemical investigation of A. afra led to the isolation of eight (A\u2013H) compounds which were identified as 3\u03b2-taraxerol (A), 3\u03b2-taraxerol acetate (B), dodecyl-p-coumarate (C), ferulic acid (D), scopoletin (E), sitosterol-3-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside (F), 3,5-di-O-feruloylquinic acid (G) and Isofraxidin-7-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside (H) based on spectroscopic data. Compounds A, B, C, F, G, and H are known but were isolated for the first time from the roots of A. afra. The isolated compounds and extracts from A. afra exhibited good anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate crude extracts (0.078 mg\/mL) and compound E (62.5 \u00b5g\/mL) showed good activities against Escherichia coli. Compounds C and F also showed good activity against Enterococcus faecalis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 62.5 and 31.25 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Extracts and compounds (A\u2013H) exhibited anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties and showed no toxicity when tested on Vero monkey kidney (Vero) cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T03:56:49Z","timestamp":1695614209000},"page":"3369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Extractives from Artemisia afra with Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tumelo L.","family":"Molokoane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Kemboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Kabianga, Kericho 2030, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Siwe-Noundou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8144-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibukun M.","family":"Famuyide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndy J.","family":"McGaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuyelwa J.","family":"Tembu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1004977","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses to Candida albicans infection","volume":"6","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Antimicrobial Resistance Division, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Global Coordination and Partnership, and Alastruey-Izquierdo, A. 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