{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:14:17Z","timestamp":1780582457187,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) predisposes individuals to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disorders caused by systemic inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, and diminished antioxidant ability, leading to oxidative stress and compromised insulin sensitivity across vital organs. NCDs present a global health challenge characterized by lengthy and costly pharmacological treatments. Complementary and alternative medicine using herbal therapies has gained popularity. Approximately 350,000 plant species are considered medicinal, with 80% of the world\u2019s population opting for traditional remedies; however, only 21,000 plants are scientifically confirmed by the WHO. The Rubiaceae family is promissory for preventing and treating MetS and associated NCDs due to its rich content of metabolites renowned for their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. These compounds influence transcription factors and mitigate chronic low-grade inflammation, liver lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, making them a cost-effective non-pharmacological approach for MetS prevention and treatment. This review aims to collect and update data that validate the traditional uses of the Rubiaceae family for treating MetS and associated NCDs from experimental models and human subjects, highlighting the mechanisms through which their extracts and metabolites modulate glucose and lipid metabolism at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12203583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T10:47:32Z","timestamp":1697366852000},"page":"3583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Plants of the Rubiaceae Family with Effect on Metabolic Syndrome: Constituents, Pharmacology, and Molecular Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castelazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis E.","family":"Soria-Jasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7412-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Torre-Villalvazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4776-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Cari\u00f1o-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor M.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1047-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario I.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, Department of Medicine of the School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca 42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31992-5","article-title":"NCD Countdown 2030: Worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4","volume":"392","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554961","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.554961","article-title":"Multi-target approaches in metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Lillich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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