{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:22:09Z","timestamp":1790900529756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["POCU\/993\/6\/13\/153437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCU\/993\/6\/13\/153437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental pollution with heavy metals has become a problem of major interest due to the harmful effects of metal ions that constantly evolve and generate serious threats to both the environment and human health through the food chain. Recognizing the imperative need for toxicological assessments, this study revolves around elucidating the effects of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions on three plant species; namely, Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L., and Zea mays L. These particular species were selected due to their suitability for controlled laboratory cultivation, their potential resistance to heavy metal exposure, and their potential contributions to phytoremediation strategies. The comprehensive phytotoxicity assessments conducted covered a spectrum of critical parameters, encompassing germination inhibition, seedling development, and broader considerations regarding ecosystem health. The key metrics under scrutiny included the germination rate, the relative growth of root and stem lengths, the growth inhibition index, and the tolerance index. These accurately designed experiments involved subjecting the seeds of these plants to an array of concentrations of PbCl2 and CuCl2 solutions, enabling an exhaustive evaluation of the phytotoxic potential of these metal ions and their intricate repercussions on these plant species. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the diverse and dynamic responses of different plant species to Pb(II) and Cu(II) metal ions, shedding light on their adaptability and resilience in metal-contaminated environments. These findings have important implications for understanding plant\u2013metal interactions and devising phytoremediation strategies in contaminated ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12213754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"3754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Integrated Assessment of Pb(II) and Cu(II) Metal Ion Phytotoxicity on Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L., and Zea mays L. Plants: Insights into Germination Inhibition, Seedling Development, and Ecosystem Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela-Catalina","family":"Vasilachi-Mitoseru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Stoleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Technologies, Faculty of Horticulture, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gavrilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, \u201cCristofor Simionescu\u201d Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metals toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Water, soil, and plants interactions in a threatened environment. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192746"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.067","article-title":"Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management","volume":"125","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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