{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:41:03Z","timestamp":1778704863461,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wonju Regional Environmental Office of the Ministry of Environment","award":["NIE-C-2023-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIE-C-2023-37"]}]},{"name":"Wonju Regional Environmental Office of the Ministry of Environment","award":["NIE-B-2023-47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIE-B-2023-47"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Ecology","award":["NIE-C-2023-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIE-C-2023-37"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Ecology","award":["NIE-B-2023-47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIE-B-2023-47"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cypripedium guttatum is a highly restricted terrestrial orchid that faces increasing endangerment owing to its habitat destruction and illegal collection. Compared to epiphytic orchids, terrestrial orchids such as C. guttatum have harder seed coats and more demanding in vitro germination conditions. This study aimed to develop an effective in vitro propagation system for C. guttatum to aid in its conservation. Seeds from mature capsules were subjected to various conditions, including sterilization using 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and different light conditions, culture media, hormones, and organic supplements, to assess germination and early seedling development in vitro. Sterilization with 1% NaOCl significantly improved the germination rate, especially under dark conditions. Germination initiation occurred at 2 and 3 months in orchid seed sowing medium (OSM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, respectively. The addition of 1 mg\/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) further enhanced germination. However, the inclusion of organic supplements, such as apple and banana homogenates, in the culture medium led to substantial growth inhibition after 12 months. Notably, orchid maintenance medium (OMM) without organic additives proved to be the most suitable for seedling growth. The results of this study show that sterilization, appropriate light, and optimal NAA concentrations are beneficial for seed germination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12223788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1699356331000},"page":"3788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Asymbiotic Seed Germination and In Vitro Seedling Development of the Endangered Orchid Species Cypripedium guttatum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hyeong Bin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiae","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kee-Hwa","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seed Vault Center, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwan Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1938-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongjun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Doo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Hyoung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/boj.12234","article-title":"An Updated Classification of Orchidaceae","volume":"177","author":"Chase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bot. 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