{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:09:29Z","timestamp":1785150569952,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyploidy is a significant evolutionary process in plants that involves the duplication of genomic content and has been recognized as a key mechanism driving plant diversification and adaptation. In natural populations, polyploids frequently arise from unreduced gametes, which subsequently fuse with reduced or unreduced gametes, resulting in triploid or tetraploid offspring, respectively. Cannabis sativa L. is a diploid species, but recent work using artificially induced polyploidy has demonstrated its potential advantages in an agricultural setting. Further, recent work has identified that some elite clonal cultivars, vis. Mac1, are triploid, with no indication that they were artificially produced. The current study was conducted to determine if polyploidy is a naturally occurring phenomenon in cannabis and to estimate the frequency of this phenomenon across populations. To do this, the presence of natural triploid individuals was evaluated in 13 seedling populations of cannabis using a flow cytometry analysis. Among the examined populations, natural triploids were identified in 10 groups with an average frequency of approximately 0.5%. The highest frequency of natural triploids was observed in a self-pollinated population at 2.3%. This research demonstrates that polyploidy is a naturally occurring event in cannabis and triploids are present at an average of approximately 0.5%, or 1 in 200 plants. These data shed light on the natural variation in ploidy within cannabis populations and contribute valuable insights to the understanding of cannabis genetics and breeding practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12233927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T03:54:37Z","timestamp":1700625277000},"page":"3927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Naturally Occurring Triploidy in Cannabis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Philbrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Heart Nursery, 630 Pena Dr. Suite 600, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Gerstenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Heart Nursery, 630 Pena Dr. Suite 600, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3180-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista L.","family":"Say","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Heart Nursery, 630 Pena Dr. Suite 600, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Heart Nursery, 630 Pena Dr. Suite 600, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Maxwell Phineas","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-021-00979-1","article-title":"Introduction to emerging industrial applications of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.)","volume":"32","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rend. 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