{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:05:22Z","timestamp":1792587922341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings were treated with individual and combined salinity and lithium (Li) stress, with and without acetic acid (AA) or nitric acid (NO), to investigate their possible roles against these stresses. Salinity intensified Li-induced damage, and the principal component analysis revealed that this was primarily driven by increased oxidative stress, deregulation of sodium and potassium accumulation, and an imbalance in tissue water content. However, pretreatment with AA and NO prompted growth, re-established sodium and potassium homeostasis, and enhanced the defense system against oxidative and nitrosative damage by triggering the antioxidant capacity. Combined stress negatively impacted phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, affecting flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanin levels, which were then restored in canola plants primed with AA and NO. Additionally, AA and NO helped to maintain osmotic balance by increasing trehalose and proline levels and upregulating signaling molecules such as hydrogen sulfide, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid, and salicylic acid. Both AA and NO improved Li detoxification by increasing phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and reducing glutathione contents. Comparatively, AA exerted more effective protection against the detrimental effects of combined stress than NO. Our findings offer novel perspectives on the impacts of combining salt and Li stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:48:37Z","timestamp":1703450917000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Role of Acetic Acid and Nitric Oxide against Salinity and Lithium Stress in Canola (Brassica napus L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona F. A.","family":"Dawood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Tahjib-Ul-Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9084-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Al Mamun","family":"Sohag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arafat Abdel Hamed","family":"Abdel Latef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660409","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.660409","article-title":"Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters, and Ionic Concentration of Water Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) Cultivars","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO (2021). Global Map of Salt-Affected Soils 2021, FAO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabbir, R., Singhal, R.K., Mishra, U.N., Chauhan, J., Javed, T., Hussain, S., Kumar, S., Anuragi, H., Lal, D., and Chen, P. (2022). Combined Abiotic Stresses: Challenges and Potential for Crop Improvement. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112795"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13557","article-title":"Differences and Commonalities of Plant Responses to Single and Combined Stresses","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, A. (2020). Rice Research for Quality Improvement: Genomics and Genetic Engineering: Volume 1: Breeding Techniques and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4120-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.12.034","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Priming Can Enhance the Tolerance of Artichoke Seedlings to Individual and Combined Saline-Alkaline and Aniline Stresses","volume":"159","author":"Dawood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17838-0","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Toxicity Profile and Genotoxicity Mechanism of Lithium Carbonate","volume":"12","author":"Acar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420039900"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.05.034","article-title":"Lithium Toxicity in Plants: Reasons, Mechanisms and Remediation Possibilities\u2014A Review","volume":"107","author":"Shahzad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabata-Pendias, A., and Mukherjee, A.B. (2007). Trace Elements from Soil to Human, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32714-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Zhang, Q., Liu, M., Zhou, H., Ma, C., and Wang, P. (2021). Regulation of Plant Responses to Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094609"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bano, C., Amist, N., and Singh, N.B. (2019). Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615942","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.615942","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses","volume":"11","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brini, F., and Masmoudi, K. (2012). Ion Transporters and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. ISRN Mol. Biol., 2012.","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/927436"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006617","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1006617","article-title":"Salt Stress Resilience in Plants Mediated through Osmolyte Accumulation and Its Crosstalk Mechanism with Phytohormones","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.6.11.17613","article-title":"Influence of Abiotic Stress Signals on Secondary Metabolites in Plants","volume":"6","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltabayeva, A., Ongaltay, A., Omondi, J.O., and Srivastava, S. (2021). Morphological, Physiological and Molecular Markers for Salt-Stressed Plants. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020243"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M., Zulfiqar, F., Raza, A., Mohsin, S.M., Mahmud, J.A., Fujita, M., and Fotopoulos, V. (2020). Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Revisiting the Crucial Role of a Universal Defense Regulator. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080681"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51178-w","article-title":"Acetic Acid: A Cost-Effective Agent for Mitigation of Seawater-Induced Salt Toxicity in Mung Bean","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00647","article-title":"Biostimulant Potential of Acetic Acid Under Drought Stress Is Confounded by pH-Dependent Root Growth Inhibition","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2020.04.001","article-title":"Insights into Nitric Oxide-Mediated Water Balance, Antioxidant Defence and Mineral Homeostasis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Chilling Stress","volume":"100\u2013101","author":"Sohag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragaey, M.M., Sadak, M.S., Dawood, M.F., Mousa, N.H., Hanafy, R.S., and Latef, A.A.H.A. (2022). Role of Signaling Molecules Sodium Nitroprusside and Arginine in Alleviating Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11141786"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85355-7","article-title":"Acetic-Acid-Induced Jasmonate Signaling in Root Enhances Drought Avoidance in Rice","volume":"11","author":"Ogawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26103-2","article-title":"The Modulation of Acetic Acid Pathway Genes in Arabidopsis Improves Survival under Drought Stress","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.3.5.2","article-title":"Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Glyoxylate Bypass","volume":"1","author":"Cronan","year":"2005","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-023-00840-9","article-title":"Acetic Acid Alleviates Salinity Damage and Improves Fruit Yield in Strawberry by Mediating Hormones and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"65","author":"Mirfattahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00521","article-title":"Acetic Acid Treatment Enhances Drought Avoidance in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)","volume":"10","author":"Utsumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.11.004","article-title":"Say \u201cNO\u201d to Plant Stresses: Unravelling the Role of Nitric Oxide under Abiotic and Biotic Stress","volume":"130","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51638","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25901-0","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Brassinosteroids Enhance Chromium Stress Tolerance in Glycine max L. (Merr.) by Modulating Antioxidative Defense and Glyoxalase Systems","volume":"30","author":"Basit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardar, H., Khalid, Z., Ahsan, M., Naz, S., Nawaz, A., Ahmad, R., Razzaq, K., Wabaidur, S.M., Jacquard, C., and \u0160iri\u0107, I. (2023). Enhancement of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) via Foliar Application of Nitric Oxide. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12051115"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13358","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulphide and Nitric Oxide Mitigate the Negative Impacts of Waterlogging Stress on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"24","author":"Mfarrej","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4822","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4822","article-title":"Molecular Response of Canola to Salt Stress: Insights on Tolerance Mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Noparvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22815-8","article-title":"Salt Stress Decreases Seed Yield and Postpones Growth Process of Canola (Brassica napus L.) by Changing Nitrogen and Carbon Characters","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14330-6","article-title":"Potential Risks from the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Canola Plants","volume":"28","author":"Romeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100559","article-title":"Recovery of Heavy Metals from Canola (Brassica napus) and Soybean (Glycine max) Biomasses Using Electrochemical Process","volume":"17","author":"Delil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcg086","article-title":"Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Morphology and Anatomy","volume":"91","author":"Kakani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahjib-UI-Arif, M., Sohag, A.A.M., Afrin, S., Bashar, K.K., Afrin, T., Mahamud, A.S.U., Polash, M.A.S., Hossain, M.T., Sohel, M.A.T., and Brestic, M. (2019). Differential Response of Sugar Beet to Long-Term Mild to Severe Salinity in a Soil\u2013Pot Culture. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9100223"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, B., Huang, D., and Zhu, S. (2019). Regulation of Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism by Nitric Oxide Inhibitors and the Quality of Peaches during Cold Storage. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090401"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, L., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Vilar, M. (2001). Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0110591","article-title":"Determinations of Total Carotenoids and Chlorophylls a and b of Leaf Extracts in Different Solvents","volume":"11","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1630441","article-title":"Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide, Superoxide and Hydroxyl Radicals during the Oxidation of Dihydroxyfumaric Acid by Peroxidase","volume":"163","author":"Halliwell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04162.x","article-title":"Implications of Water Stress-induced Changes in the Levels of Endogenous Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Vigna Seedlings","volume":"58","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90222-3","article-title":"The Deoxyribose Method: A Simple \u201cTest-Tube\u201d Assay for Determination of Rate Constants for Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals","volume":"165","author":"Halliwell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(00)00273-9","article-title":"Antioxidative Parameters in the Seedlings of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in Response to Zn and Ni Stresses","volume":"157","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60364a003","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Methyl Glyoxal with 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine","volume":"47","author":"Gilbert","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)95073-8","article-title":"Lipoxygenase Activity during Pepper Ripening and Processing of Paprika","volume":"32","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2008.12.015","article-title":"Roots and Leaves Display Contrasting Osmotic Adjustment Mechanisms in Response to NaCl-Salinity in Atriplex nummularia","volume":"66","author":"Silveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"90","article-title":"Estimation of Salicylic Acid in Eucalyptus Leaves Using Spectrophotometric Methods","volume":"3","author":"Warrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.06.009","article-title":"Optimizing Soaking and Germination Conditions to Improve Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Japonica and Indica Germinated Brown Rice","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water-Stress Studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1999-3110-55-20","article-title":"Involvement of Trehalose in Hydrogen Sulfide Donor Sodium Hydrosulfide-Induced the Acquisition of Heat Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-018-2645-4","article-title":"Screening of Rice Landraces (Oryza sativa L.) for Seedling Stage Salinity Tolerance Using Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Markers","volume":"40","author":"Sayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Flame Photometric Method for Sodium, Potassium and Calcium","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"1960","journal-title":"Mod. Methods Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90162-2","article-title":"A New Colorimetric Technique for the Estimation of Vitamin C Using Folin Phenol Reagent","volume":"127","author":"Jagota","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(01)00305-7","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of \u03b1-Tocopherol in Arbutus Unedo by TLC-Densitometry and Colorimetry","volume":"72","author":"Mert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","article-title":"Tissue Sulfhydryl Groups","volume":"82","author":"Ellman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/pmpp.1995.1065","article-title":"Influence of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Infection on Phenylpropanoid Metabolism and the Accumulation of Phenolics and Lignin in Wheat","volume":"47","author":"Kofalvi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05509.x","article-title":"UV-B Response of Cucumber Seedlings Grown under Metal Halide and High Pressure Sodium\/Deluxe Lamps","volume":"88","author":"Krizek","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049571r","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in Vitro","volume":"52","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The Role of Superoxide Anion in the Autoxidation of Epinephrine and a Simple Assay for Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"[13] Catalase in Vitro","volume":"Volume 105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"867","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide Is Scavenged by Ascorbate-Specific Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts","volume":"22","author":"Nakano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"412","article-title":"Peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase in Excised Ragi (Eleusine corocana Cv PR 202) Leaves during Senescence","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05015-1","article-title":"Assays of Glutathione Peroxidase","volume":"Volume 105","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases: The First Enzymatic Step in Mercapturic Acid Formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00732a019","article-title":"L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (Maize and Potato). Evidence That the Enzyme Is Composed of Four Subunits","volume":"12","author":"Havir","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1071\/FP03061","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Mediates Elicitor-Induced Saponin Synthesis in Cell Cultures of Panax Ginseng","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60210a020","article-title":"Effects of Alkali on Proteins. Disulfides and Their Products","volume":"25","author":"Nashef","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.026","article-title":"Polyamine and Nitric Oxide Crosstalk: Antagonistic Effects on Cadmium Toxicity in Mung Bean Plants through Upregulating the Metal Detoxification, Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems","volume":"126","author":"Nahar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"57","article-title":"Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Eisenia foetida to Assess Copper Toxicity in Agricultural Soils Affected by Mining Activities","volume":"11","author":"Cataldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaitonde, M. (1967). A Spectrophotometric Method for the Direct Determination of Cysteine in the Presence of Other Naturally Occurring Amino Acids. Biochem. J., 104.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1040627"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses2010009","article-title":"Physiological Responses to Drought, Salinity, and Heat Stress in Plants: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Ribas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886862","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.886862","article-title":"Association of Jasmonic Acid Priming with Multiple Defense Mechanisms in Wheat Plants under High Salt Stress","volume":"13","author":"Sheteiwy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12308","article-title":"Water Deficit Induces Chlorophyll Degradation via the \u201cPAO\/Phyllobilin\u201d Pathway in Leaves of Homoio-(Craterostigma pumilum) and Poikilochlorophyllous (Xerophyta viscosa) Resurrection Plants","volume":"37","author":"Christ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, A., Alqudah, A.M., Dawood, M.F., Baenziger, P.S., and B\u00f6rner, A. (2019). Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat and Barley: Advances in Physiology, Breeding and Genetics Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133137"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13363","article-title":"Proline, a Multifaceted Signalling Molecule in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress: Understanding the Physiological Mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.04.004","article-title":"Trehalose and Plant Stress Responses: Friend or Foe?","volume":"15","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02091","article-title":"Effect of Exogenous Nitro Oxide on Chilling Tolerance, Polyamine, Proline, and \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid in Bamboo Shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. Prevernalis)","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaspal, M., Kanapaddalagamage, M.H., and Ramesh, S.A. (2021). Emerging Roles of \u03b3 Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gated Channels in Plant Stress Tolerance. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102178"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7879","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8879","article-title":"GABA Signalling Modulates Plant Growth by Directly Regulating the Activity of Plant-Specific Anion Transporters","volume":"6","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2415-7","article-title":"\u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Signalling in Plants","volume":"74","author":"Ramesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Vacuolar Chloride Fluxes Impact Ion Content and Distribution during Early Salinity Stress","volume":"172","author":"Baetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz367","article-title":"GABA Operates Upstream of H+-ATPase and Improves Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Enabling Cytosolic K+ Retention and Na+ Exclusion","volume":"70","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabravolski, S.A., and Isayenkov, S.V. (2023). The Role of the \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in Plant Salt Stress Tolerance. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020230"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00452","article-title":"Heavy Metal Stress, Signaling, and Tolerance Due to Plant-Associated Microbes: An Overview","volume":"9","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13185","article-title":"Ion Homeostasis for Salinity Tolerance in Plants: A Molecular Approach","volume":"171","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.48130\/GR-2021-0003","article-title":"Acetic Acid Mitigated Salt Stress by Alleviating Ionic and Oxidative Damages and Regulating Hormone Metabolism in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Grass Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12184","article-title":"Na+ Retention in the Root Is a Key Adaptive Mechanism to Low and High Salinity in the Glycophyte, Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (Portulacaceae)","volume":"203","author":"Assaha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpq086","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Enhances Salt Secretion and Na+ Sequestration in a Mangrove Plant, Avicennia marina, through Increasing the Expression of H+-ATPase and Na+\/H+ Antiporter under High Salinity","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Xiong, D.-Y., Wang, W.-H., Hu, W.-J., Simon, M., Xiao, Q., Chen, J., Liu, T.-W., Liu, X., and Zheng, H.-L. (2013). Nitric Oxide Mediates Root K+\/Na+ Balance in a Mangrove Plant, Kandelia obovata, by Enhancing the Expression of AKT1-Type K+ Channel and Na+\/H+ Antiporter under High Salinity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071543"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1950","article-title":"Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Photosystem II as a Response to Light and Temperature Stress","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C","article-title":"Free Radicals, Natural Antioxidants, and Their Reaction Mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Nimse","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.08.045","article-title":"Lipidomic Metabolism Associated with Acetic Acid Priming-Induced Salt Tolerance in Carex rigescens","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.18.52","article-title":"Exogenously Applied Nitric Oxide Enhances the Drought Tolerance in Hulless Barley","volume":"18","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2019-0107","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Is Involved in the Regulation of Melatonin-Induced Antioxidant Responses in Catharanthus roseus Roots under Cadmium Stress","volume":"97","author":"Nabaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110229","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Mediates \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid-Enhanced Muskmelon Tolerance to Salinity\u2013Alkalinity Stress Conditions","volume":"286","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-020-00259-9","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Induced Cd Tolerance and Phytoremediation Potential of B. juncea by the Modulation of Antioxidant Defense System and ROS Detoxification","volume":"34","author":"Khator","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10331-4","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Mitigates the Salt-Induced Oxidative Damage in Mustard by Upregulating the Activity of Various Enzymes","volume":"40","author":"Sami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.01.006","article-title":"Nitrosative Stress in Plants","volume":"581","author":"Valderrama","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corpas, F.J. (2019). Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Higher Plants under Physiological and Stress Conditions. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100457"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, O.M., and Markham, K.R. (2005). Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420039443"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhu, X., Wei, J., Li, W., Wang, H., Xu, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, C., and Li, P. (2022). Primary Root Response to Combined Drought and Heat Stress Is Regulated via Salicylic Acid Metabolism in Maize. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-022-03805-4"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0771-y","article-title":"Plant Hormone-Mediated Regulation of Stress Responses","volume":"16","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00462","article-title":"Salicylic Acid-Induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Underlying Mechanisms in Plants","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511635200","article-title":"Differential Inhibition of Arabidopsis Methionine Adenosyltransferases by Protein S-Nitrosylation","volume":"281","author":"Lindermayr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vargas, M.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gordo, S., Palma, J.M., and Corpas, F.J. (2022). H2S in Horticultural Plants: Endogenous Detection by an Electrochemical Sensor, Emission by a Gas Detector, and Its Correlation with L-Cysteine Desulfhydrase (LCD) Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105648"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12516","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12516","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Salt Tolerance through Nitric Oxide-Mediated Maintenance of Ion Homeostasis in Barley Seedling Roots","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12779","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide: A Novel Component in Arabidopsis Peroxisomes Which Triggers Catalase Inhibition","volume":"61","author":"Corpas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13066","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide Signal Integration and Plant Development under Stressed\/Non-Stressed Conditions","volume":"168","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawood, M.F., Tahjib-Ul-Arif, M., Sohag, A.A.M., and Abdel Latef, A.A.H. (2022). Fluoride Mitigates Aluminum-Toxicity in Barley: Morpho-Physiological Responses and Biochemical Mechanisms. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-022-03610-z"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Xue, M., Zhang, X., and Chen, S. (2023). Genome-Wide Analysis of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Cassava Reveals Its Role in Response to Physiological Stress through the Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species. BMC Plant Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04174-2"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13945","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13945","article-title":"The Emerging Key Role of Reactive Sulfur Species in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants","volume":"175","author":"Alvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:48Z","timestamp":1760132448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13010051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13010051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}