{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:26:52Z","timestamp":1788557212005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of West Bengal and The University of Burdwan","award":["FC(Sc)\/RS\/SF\/BIOTECH\/2020-21\/32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC(Sc)\/RS\/SF\/BIOTECH\/2020-21\/32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global industrial revolution has led to a substantial rise in heavy metal levels in the environment, posing a serious threat to nature. Plants synthesize phenolic compounds under stressful conditions, which serve as protective agents against oxidative stress. Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench is an herbaceous plant of the Lamiaceae family. Some species within this family are recognized for their capacity to remediate sites contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, the effects of mercury (II) chloride and lead (II) nitrate on the in vitro propagation of B. polystachyon were investigated. Shoot tips from in vitro plantlets were cultured in Murashige and Skoog\u2019s (MS) media with heavy metals ranging from 1 to 200 \u00b5M to induce abiotic stress and enhance the accumulation of phenolic compounds. After three weeks, MS medium with 1 \u00b5M of lead (II) supported the highest shoot multiplication, and the maximum number of roots per explant was found in 100 \u00b5M of lead (II), whereas a higher concentration of heavy metals inhibited shoot multiplication and root development. The plantlets were hardened in a greenhouse with a 96% field survival rate. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) was used to detect heavy metal contents in plant biomass. At both 200 \u00b5M and 50 \u00b5M concentrations, the greatest accumulation of mercury (II) was observed in the roots (16.94 \u00b1 0.44 \u00b5g\/g) and shoots (17.71 \u00b1 0.66 \u00b5g\/g), respectively. Similarly, lead (II) showed the highest accumulation in roots (17.10 \u00b1 0.54 \u00b5g\/g) and shoots (7.78 \u00b1 0.26 \u00b5g\/g) at 200 \u00b5M and 50 \u00b5M exposures, respectively. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) identified and quantified various phenolic compounds in B. polystachyon leaves, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, and trans-cinnamic acid. These compounds were found in different forms, such as free, esterified, and glycosylated. Mercury (II)-exposed plants exhibited elevated levels of vanillic acid (1959.1 \u00b1 3.66 \u00b5g\/g DW), ellagic acid (213.55 \u00b1 2.11 \u00b5g\/g DW), and rosmarinic acid (187.72 \u00b1 1.22 \u00b5g\/g DW). Conversely, lead (II)-exposed plants accumulated higher levels of caffeic acid (42.53\u00b10.61 \u00b5g\/g DW) and p-coumaric acid (8.04 \u00b1 0.31 \u00b5g\/g DW). Trans-cinnamic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in control plants, with a concentration of 207.74 \u00b1 1.45 \u00b5g\/g DW. These results suggest that sublethal doses of heavy metals can act as abiotic elicitors, enhancing the production of phenolic compounds in B. polystachyon. The present work has the potential to open up new commercial opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:56:27Z","timestamp":1703757387000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unveiling the Dual Nature of Heavy Metals: Stressors and Promoters of Phenolic Compound Biosynthesis in Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumanta","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaniz Wahida","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moupriya","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwell R.","family":"Ndhlala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.10.058","article-title":"Adsorption of basic red 9 on activated waste Gossypium hirsutum seeds: Process modeling, analysis and optimization using statistical design","volume":"20","author":"Sivarajasekar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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