{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:12:30Z","timestamp":1790658750900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high environmental importance of invasive goldenrod has prompted research to find potential benefits that can be derived from these species. This study aimed to identify differences in root phenolic profiles among five Solidago species, thus providing valuable information on their potential applications and the botanical origin of the raw material. The roots of native S. virgaurea L., two alien species S. gigantea Aiton and S. canadensis L. and their hybrids S. \u00d7niederederi Khek and S. \u00d7snarskisii Gud\u017e. &amp; \u017daln. were sampled from mixed-species stands in Lithuania. A complex of twelve phenolic acids and their derivatives was identified and quantified in methanol\u2013water root extracts using the HPLC-PDA and LC\/MS systems. The radical-scavenging capacities of the extracts were assessed by ABTS. The chemical content of the roots of S. virgaurea, S. gigantea and S. \u00d7niederederi were statistically similar, while the roots of S. canadensis and S. \u00d7snarskisii contained lower amounts of compounds than the other species. The PCA score-plot models of the phenolic profiles only partially confirmed the identification of S. \u00d7niederederi and S. \u00d7snarskisii as crosses between native and alien species. The findings from the phenolic profiles and the observed radical-scavenging activity of root extracts of Solidago species provide valuable insights into their potential applications in various fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13010132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T10:36:59Z","timestamp":1704191819000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Root Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Five Native and Invasive Solidago L. Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolita","family":"Radu\u0161ien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Economic Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birut\u0117","family":"Karpavi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Economic Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6125-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel\u0117","family":"Vilkickyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"Marksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Raudon\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revised infrageneric classification of Solidago (Asteraceae: Astereae)","volume":"10","author":"Semple","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytoneuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2016.05.001","article-title":"First official record of naturalised populations of Solidago altissima L. var. pluricephala M.C. Johnst. (Asteraceae: Astereae) in Africa","volume":"105","author":"Cheek","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/wre.12395","article-title":"Vegetative propagation of Solidago canadensis\u2014Do fragment size and burial depth matter?","volume":"60","author":"Rosef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-2530(17)30960-X","article-title":"Biological flora of Central Europe: Solidago altissima L.","volume":"195","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2004.09.001","article-title":"Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton","volume":"200","author":"Weber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12280","article-title":"The effect of nitrogen and temperature changes on Solidago canadensis phenotypic plasticity and fitness","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Species Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-022-00407-8","article-title":"Warming and elevated nitrogen deposition accelerate the invasion process of Solidago canadensis L.","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0436:NWISAT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Novel weapons: Invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability","volume":"2","author":"Callaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"253","article-title":"An updated distribution of Solidago \u00d7niederederi (Asteraceae) in Poland","volume":"66","author":"Pliszko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Natur."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-017-0762-6","article-title":"Resolving the naturalization strategy of Solidago \u00d7niederederi (Asteraceae) by the production of sexual ramets and seedlings","volume":"218","author":"Pliszko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.85.98796","article-title":"The effect of site conditions and type of ramet clusters on sexual and asexual ramets of Solidago \u00d7niederederi (Asteraceae)","volume":"85","author":"Pliszko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neobiota"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3906\/bot-1703-17","article-title":"Predicting the potential distribution area of Solidago \u00d7 niederederi (Asteraceae)","volume":"42","author":"Klichowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.253.2.4","article-title":"Solidago \u00d7snarskisii nothosp. nov. (Asteraceae) from Lithuania and its position in the infrageneric classification of the genus","volume":"253","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2478\/botlit-2018-0020","article-title":"First record of Solidago \u00d7snarskisii (Asteraceae) in Poland","volume":"24","author":"Pliszko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Botanica"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Hybridization as a factor of invasive activity of alien species of goldenrods (Solidago)","volume":"80","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhurnal Obs. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2307\/4135498","article-title":"Alien plants in checklists and floras: Towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists","volume":"53","author":"Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, August 22). EPPO Lists of Invasive Alien Plants. EPPO, Paris. Available online: https:\/\/www.eppo.int\/ACTIVITIES\/invasive_alien_plants\/iap_lists."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 chemicznego ograniczania wyst\u0119powania Solidago gigantea Aiton na terenach od\u0142ogowanych","volume":"584","author":"Domaradzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zesz. Nauk. UP Wroc. Rol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(03)00207-3","article-title":"Herbal remedies of Solidago-correlation of phytochemical characteristics and antioxidative properties","volume":"32","author":"Papp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ESCOP Monographs (2023, October 17). Solidaginis Virgaureae Herba (European Goldenrod). Available online: https:\/\/escop.com\/downloads\/solidaginis-virgaureae-herba-european-goldenrod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fursenco, C., Calalb, T., Uncu, L., Dinu, M., and Ancuceanu, R. (2020). Solidago virgaurea L.: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0277.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"6770","article-title":"Antibacterial and antimutagenic activity of extracts aboveground parts of three Solidago species: Solidago virgaurea L., Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago gigantea Ait","volume":"5","author":"Kowalski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Shao, X., Wei, Y., Li, Y., Xu, F., and Wang, H. (2016). Solidago canadensis L. essential oil vapor effectively inhibits Botrytis cinerea growth and preserves postharvest quality of strawberry as a food model system. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01179"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-018-1034-5","article-title":"Evaluation of two invasive plant invaders in Europe (Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea) as possible sources of botanical insecticides","volume":"92","author":"Benelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werrie, P.-Y., Durenne, B., Delaplace, P., and Fauconnier, M.-L. (2020). Phytotoxicity of EOs: Opportunities and constraints for the development of biopesticides. A Review. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091291"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03676","article-title":"Goldenrod root compounds active against crop pathogenic fungi","volume":"69","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461727","article-title":"Bioactive clerodane diterpenes of giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) root extract","volume":"1635","author":"Ott","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.463308","article-title":"High-performance thin-layer chromatography\u2014Antibacterial assay first reveals bioactive clerodane diterpenes in Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.)","volume":"1677","author":"Baglyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baglyas, M., Ott, P.G., Schwarczinger, I., Nagy, J.K., Darcsi, A., Bakonyi, J., and M\u00f3ricz, \u00c1.M. (2023). Antimicrobial diterpenes from Rough goldenrod (Solidago rugosa Mill.). Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093790"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radu\u0161ien\u0117, J., Karpavi\u010dien\u0117, B., Marksa, M., Ivanauskas, L., and Raudon\u0117, L. (2022). Distribution patterns of essential oil terpenes in native and invasive Solidago species and their comparative assessment. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091159"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14572","article-title":"Effects of impregnate temperature on extraction of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from Moringa oleifera leaves and evaluation of inhibitory activity on digestive enzyme, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of the extract","volume":"55","author":"Hamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109128","article-title":"Coffee silverskin extracts: Quantification of 30 bioactive compounds by a new HPLC-MS\/MS method and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities","volume":"133","author":"Nzekoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trendafilova, A., Ivanova, V., Rangelov, M., Todorova, M., Ozek, G., Yur, S., Ozek, T., Aneva, I., Veleva, R., and Moskova-Doumanova, V. (2020). Caffeoylquinic acids, cytotoxic, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities of six inula species from Bulgaria. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000051"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10489","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03804","article-title":"Current advances in naturally occurring caffeoylquinic acids: Structure, bioactivity, and synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, D.G., Caruso, M., Alcazar Magana, A., Wright, K.M., Maier, C.S., Stevens, J.F., Gray, N.E., Quinn, J.F., and Soumyanath, A. (2020). Caffeoylquinic acids in Centella asiatica reverse cognitive deficits in male 5XFAD Alzheimer\u2019s disease model mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113488"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131913","article-title":"Caffeoylquinic acids in Centella asiatica protect against amyloid-\u03b2 toxicity","volume":"40","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3041484","article-title":"Caffeoylquinic acid-rich purple sweet potato extract, with or without anthocyanin, imparts neuroprotection and contributes to the improvement of spatial learning and memory of SAMP8 mouse","volume":"61","author":"Sasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104202","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid confers robust neuroprotection against arsenite toxicity in mice by reversing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis","volume":"75","author":"Metwally","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"187","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Solidago canadensis Linn. root essential oil","volume":"1","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(93)85163-L","article-title":"Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.460602","article-title":"Distinction and valorization of 30 root extracts of five goldenrod (Solidago) species","volume":"1611","author":"Darcsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00054-5","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity of the diterpene solidagenone and its derivatives on experimentally induced gastric lesions in mice","volume":"81","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112123","article-title":"Antioxidant profiles of leaves and inflorescences of native, invasive and hybrid Solidago species","volume":"145","author":"Marksa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raudone, L., Vilkickyte, G., Pitkauskaite, L., Raudonis, R., Vainoriene, R., and Motiekaityte, V. (2019). Antioxidant activities of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. leaves within cultivars and their phenolic compounds. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050844"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)02227-9","article-title":"Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of flavonoids and phenolic acids","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12947","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid-mediated chemical defence of plants against insect herbivores","volume":"21","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., and Shahrajabian, M.H. (2023). Therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants\u2014Natural health products for human health. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041845"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/wsc.2018.8","article-title":"Assessment of Solidago \u00d7niederederi origin based on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in plant raw materials","volume":"66","author":"Marksa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800200","article-title":"Effects of polyploidy on secondary chemistry, physiology, and performance of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae)","volume":"96","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madani, H., Escrich, A., Hosseini, B., Sanchez-Mu\u00f1oz, R., Khojasteh, A., and Palazon, J. (2021). Effect of polyploidy induction on natural metabolite production in medicinal plants. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060899"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145439","article-title":"Invasive plant Reynoutria japonica produces large amounts of phenolic compounds and reduces the biomass but not activity of soil microbial communities","volume":"767","author":"Stefanowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12224-013-9180-2","article-title":"Taxonomy of the Solidago virgaurea group (Asteraceae) in Poland, with special reference to variability along an altitudinal gradient","volume":"49","author":"Mirek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Folia Geobot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12236","article-title":"Is phenotypic plasticity an explanation for the invasiveness of goldenrods (Solidago and Euthamia) in Europe?","volume":"34","author":"Szymura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Species Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"51","article-title":"Interactions between alien goldenrods (Solidago and Euthamia species) and comparison with native species in Central Europe. Flora: Morphol","volume":"218","author":"Szymura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Distrib. Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117, A. (2023). Allelopathic activity of canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) extracts on seed germination and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and garden pepper cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12071421"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rts033","article-title":"Enhanced allelopathy and competitive ability of invasive plant Solidago canadensis in its introduced range","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.31665\/JFB.2021.14269","article-title":"Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of exocarp, endocarp, and hypanthium of three pear cultivars grown in China","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Bioact."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtab093","article-title":"Effects of latitude and soil microbes on the resistance of invasive Solidago canadensis to its co-evolved insect herbivore Corythucha marmorata","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05488","article-title":"Decomposition of Phragmites australis litter retarded by invasive Solidago canadensis in mixtures: An antagonistic non-additive effect","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2011.04.011","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from the invasive Solidago canadensis L. accumulation in soil and contribution to inhibition of soil pathogen Pythium ultimum","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Soil. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"241","article-title":"Allelopathic effects of invasive Solidago canadensis L. on germination and growth of native Chinese plant species","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allelopath. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12574","article-title":"Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate","volume":"30","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13155","article-title":"Interspecific hybrids show a reduced adaptive potential under DNA damaging conditions","volume":"14","author":"Bautista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1614\/WS-D-15-00066.1","article-title":"Morphological and anatomical characterization of Solidago \u00d7niederederi and other sympatric Solidago species","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.471.3.8","article-title":"Chromosome numbers in hybrids between invasive and native Solidago (Asteraceae) species in Europe","volume":"471","author":"Pagitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.2307\/2656824","article-title":"The effects of hybridization in plants on secondary chemistry: Implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions","volume":"87","author":"Orians","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-010-9194-9","article-title":"The effect of hybridization on secondary metabolites and herbivore resistance: Implications for the evolution of chemical diversity in plants","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilkickyte, G., Raudone, L., and Petrikaite, V. (2020). Phenolic fractions from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and their antioxidant and anticancer activities assessment. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121261"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raudone, L., Radu\u0161iene, J., Seyis, F., Yayla, F., Vilkickyte, G., Marksa, M., Ivanauskas, L., and C\u0131rak, C. (2022). Distribution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in plant parts and populations of seven underutilized wild Achillea species. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030447"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:38:31Z","timestamp":1760103511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13010132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13010132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}}}