{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:11:41Z","timestamp":1761235901559,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indigenous to Lebanon, Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C. are notable plants in the Middle East, with O. syriacum known for its aromatic qualities and C. libanotica being less explored. Both plants have a significant role in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological properties of the extracts from these plants. The extracts were obtained through cold maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The ethyl acetate extract of O. syriacum exhibited the highest total polyphenol content. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified fifteen compounds in both C. libanotica and O. syriacum extracts, whereas gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis unveiled 179 volatile compounds. Notably, the O. syriacum-MeOH extract showed moderate antioxidant activity. Both plants\u2019 methanolic extracts demonstrated significant anti-Alzheimer\u2019s potential. The O. syriacum-dichloromethane and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts displayed the highest cytotoxicities against the HCT-116 cell line. For anti-proliferative activity against the Caco-2 cell line, the O. syriacum-methanol and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts were the most effective. This study provides valuable insights into the phytochemistry and potential therapeutic applications of extracts from these two oriental plant species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T11:31:50Z","timestamp":1704281510000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phytochemical Profile, GC-MS Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Biological Applications of the Extracts of Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michella","family":"Dawra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalloul","family":"Bouajila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"El Beyrouthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Taillandier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8755-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"El Rayess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.07.048","article-title":"Folk medicinal applications, phytochemical composition and biological activities of some Lebanese endemic plants","volume":"150","author":"Dawra","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2013.07.009","article-title":"Microencapsulation of oregano essential oil in starch-based materials using supercritical fluid technology","volume":"20","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030575q","article-title":"Chemical composition and extraction yield of the extract of Origanum vulgare obtained from sub- and supercritical CO2","volume":"52","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu lwafa, R., Mudalal, S., and Mauriello, G. (2021). Origanum Syriacum L. (Za\u2019atar), from Raw to Go: A review. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10051001"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Properties and Applications of Plants of Origanum Sp. Genus","volume":"2","author":"Esteban","year":"2016","journal-title":"SM J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"257","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological Survey of the Indigenous Lamiaceae from Lebanon","volume":"997","author":"Dhifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesmar, J., Abdallah, R., Badran, A., Marseca, M., and Baydoun, E. (2022). Origanum syriacum Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134272"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201600061","article-title":"Chemometric tools to highlight the variability of the chemical composition and yield of Lebanese Origanum syriacum L. essential oil","volume":"13","author":"Zgheib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11961-z","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Origanum syriacum and Salvia lanigera leaves","volume":"28","author":"Alonazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.06.052","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the communities of Mount Hermon, Lebanon","volume":"173","author":"Baydoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00379271.2020.1749885","article-title":"Distribution and flower visitation records of bumblebees in Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"56","author":"Boustani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"104","article-title":"Bioautography-based Identification of Antioxidant Metabolites of Solanum nigrum L. and Exploration its Hepatoprotective Potential","volume":"15","author":"Chester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-2009-0416","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents and biological activities of Origanum syriacum","volume":"64","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Z. Naturforschung Sect. B J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.04.001","article-title":"Volatile oil composition and antiproliferative activity of Laurus nobilis, Origanum syriacum, Origanum vulgare, and Salvia triloba against human breast adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"30","author":"Afifi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.04.013","article-title":"Application of microwave-assisted ex-traction to the fast extraction of plant phenolic compounds","volume":"41","author":"Proestos","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT Food. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3646","article-title":"Biological activities and chemical characterization of the Lebanese endemic plant Origanum ehrenbergii Boiss","volume":"36","author":"Dawra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.03.095","article-title":"Chemical analysis, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticholinesterase activities of Origanum ehrenbergii Boiss and Origanum syriacum L. essential oils","volume":"117","author":"Loizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802963h","article-title":"Composition of essential oil compounds from different Syrian populations of Origanum syriacum L. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"57","author":"Lukas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6903","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, anticancer and antioxidant activities of Origanum vulgare L ssp. viride Boiss. Hayek, a plant of traditional usage","volume":"95","author":"Demirtas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00597726","article-title":"Glucorfuctans of Cousinia polycephala","volume":"25","author":"Turdumambetov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.01.025","article-title":"The phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of section Amaracus (Gled.) Vogel and Anatolicon Ietsw. of Origanum L. species","volume":"13","author":"Dirmenci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.869692","article-title":"Further in vitro evaluation of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phytol","volume":"28","author":"Pejin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00697","article-title":"Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s studies on \u00df-sitosterol isolated from Polygonum hydropiper L.","volume":"8","author":"Ayaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigations on Antioxidant Potential of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids: The Common Phytochemical Ingredients in Plants","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.09.001","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid on scopolamine-induced amnesia via anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-oxidative activities in mice","volume":"649","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.12.002","article-title":"Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Vernonia cinerea attenuate selenite induced cataract formation in Sprague Dawley rat pups","volume":"245","author":"Asha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.1039\/c3dt50160d","article-title":"Metal complexes with functionalised 2,2\u2032-dipicolylamine ligand containing an antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moiety: Synthesis and biological studies","volume":"42","author":"Milaeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dalton. Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.11.039","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of smoke flavouring phenols by crocin bleaching inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging and oxidation potential","volume":"100","author":"Bortolomeazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.06.110","article-title":"Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid","volume":"115","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.735","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of quinoline alkaloids and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol isolated from Scolopendra subspinipes","volume":"29","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.09.013","article-title":"3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde purified from the barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) inhibits oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis via its antioxidant activity","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S136011","article-title":"Anticholinesterase constituents from the leaves of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)","volume":"11","author":"Elufioye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000076349","article-title":"Naringenin from Citrus junos has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and a mitigating effect on amnesia","volume":"17","author":"Heo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Investigation of anticholinesterase activity of a series of salvia extracts and the constituents of Salvia staminea","volume":"3","author":"Topcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9923","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1604","article-title":"Retinol inhibits the growth of all-trans-retinoic acid-sensitive and all-trans-retinoic acid-resistant colon cancer cells through a retinoic acid receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.9b01570","article-title":"Synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil Cocrystals with Novel Organic Acids as Coformers and Anticancer Evaluation against HCT-116 Colorectal Cell Lines","volume":"20","author":"Jubeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.10.004","article-title":"Anticancer effects of maple syrup phenolics and extracts on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of human colon cells","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.006","article-title":"Anti-cancer activity of di- and tri-organotin (IV) compounds with D-(+)-Galacturonic acid on human tumor cells","volume":"188","author":"Attanzio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1014921","article-title":"Genistein induces activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"54","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oladimeji, O., Akinyelu, J., Daniels, A., and Singh, M. (2021). Modified gold nanoparticles for efficient delivery of betulinic acid to cancer cell mitochondria. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105072"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.11.0008","article-title":"Inhibition effect of flavonoids on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in Caco-2 cells","volume":"59","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawra, M., Nehme, N., El Beyrouthy, M., Abi Rizk, A., Taillandier, P., Bouajila, J., and El Rayess, Y. (2023). Comparative study of phytochemistry, antioxidant and biological Activities of Berberis libanotica fruit and leaf extracts. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12102001"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:39:18Z","timestamp":1760103558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/1\/137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13010137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13010137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]}}}