{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:11:26Z","timestamp":1790046686643,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Fund","award":["2020132077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020132077"]}]},{"name":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration Fund","award":["BE2022305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022305"]}]},{"name":"Grants Special Fund for Technology Innovation on Carbon Peak Carbon-neutral","award":["2020132077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020132077"]}]},{"name":"Grants Special Fund for Technology Innovation on Carbon Peak Carbon-neutral","award":["BE2022305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of Taxodium ascendens were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 \u00b0C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 \u00b0C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H\/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53\u20130.59 to 0.15\u20130.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56\u20130.68 to 0.20\u20130.22; the atomic O\/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22\u20130.27 to 0.08\u20130.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26\u20130.28 to 0.18\u20130.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing ID\/IG and ID\/I(DR+GL) ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13030460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T09:31:58Z","timestamp":1707125518000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Using the Conditional Process Analysis Model to Characterize the Evolution of Carbon Structure in Taxodium ascendens Biochar with Varied Pyrolysis Temperature and Holding Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xichuan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138752","article-title":"Impact of biochar on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration in corn grown under drip irrigation with mulching","volume":"729","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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