{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:32:22Z","timestamp":1763706742468,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute)","award":["2021399B10-2325-CA02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021399B10-2325-CA02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhodotypos\u00a0scandens (Thunb.) Makino is known to have a seed dispersal that is thick and stony (endocarp + seeds) and has potential as a landscaping tree seed. In several Rosaceae species, seeds are covered with a hard endocarp, making the internal seeds water-impermeable and germination difficult. Here, we analyzed the morphoanatomical traits and germination properties of R. scandens seeds. To identify ideal seed propagation conditions, we immersed R. scandens seeds in sulfuric acid for varying durations and subjected them to phytohormone (gibberellic acid A3 and fluridone) and a cold stratification (CS) (5 \u00b0C) treatment after endocarp removal (ER). The R. scandens stony seeds did not increase in mass by \u226525.0%. Following ER, the seed mass increased by \u226550.0% with water absorption when compared to the initial dry mass. Seed surfaces showed damage and cracks through scarification after 1 h of immersion in sulfuric acid, failing to germinate. A combination of ER, phytohormone treatment, and CS improved seed germination compared to ER alone (26.0 \u00b1 5.3%). Overall, R. scandens seeds showed a dispersal with a hard endocarp from the parent plant, and a pre-treatment with ER, phytohormones, and CS was required for effective seed propagation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13050648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1708947081000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Methods for Improving the Germination of Rhodotypos\u00a0scandens (Thunb.) Makino Seeds through Endocarp Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Hyeok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gun Mo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung Youl","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Experiment & Analysis Division, Incheon International Airport Regional Office, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Incheon 22382, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9044-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7936-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chae Sun","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Wild Plant and Seeds, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","article-title":"Ecological responses to recent climate change","volume":"416","author":"Walther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pld.2017.11.005","article-title":"The contribution of botanic gardens to ex situ conservation through seed banking","volume":"39","author":"Sharrock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Divers."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5962\/p.373526","article-title":"Historic seed collections germinated for the Australian PlantBank opening","volume":"22","author":"Fahey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australas. 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