{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:11:38Z","timestamp":1791666698267,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTERREG-ALCOTRA UE 2014\u20132020 Project \u201cANTEA\u201d Attivit\u00e0 innovative per lo sviluppo della filiera transfrontaliera del fiore edule (n. 1139)","award":["CUP C12F17000080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP C12F17000080003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the circular economy framework, hydrosols, by-products of the essential oil industry, are gaining attention for their potential in waste reduction and resource reuse. This study analyzed hydrosols from six edible flowers, investigating their chemical composition (VOC-Hyd) and antibacterial properties alongside volatile organic compounds of fresh flowers (VOC-Fs) and essential oils (EOs). Antirrhinum majus exhibited ketones as major VOC-Fs (62.6%) and VOC-Hyd (41.4%), while apocarotenoids dominated its EOs (68.0%). Begonia cucullata showed alkanes (33.7%) and aldehydes (25.7%) as primary VOC-Fs, while alkanes were prevalent in both extracts (65.6% and 91.7% in VOC-Hyd and in EOs, respectively). Calandula officinalis had monoterpenoids in VOC-Fs and VOC-Hyd (89.3% and 49.7%, respectively), while its EOs were rich in sesquiterpenoids (59.7%). Dahlia hortensis displayed monoterpenoid richness in both VOC-Fs and extracts. Monocots species\u2019 VOC-Fs (Polianthes tuberosa, Tulbaghia cominsii) were esters-rich, replaced by monoterpenoids in VOC-Hyd. P. tuberosa EO maintained ester richness, while T. cominsii EOs contained a significant percentage of sulfur compounds (38.1%). Antibacterial assays indicated comparable minimum inhibitory concentration profiles across VOC-Hyd: B. calcullata and P. tuberosa against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium, T. cominsii against Escherichia coli and S. enterica, A. majus and C. officinalis against S. aureus, and D. hortensis against S. enterica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13081145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T08:44:31Z","timestamp":1713516271000},"page":"1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the Volatile Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Edible Flower Hydrosols with Insights into Their Spontaneous Emissions and Essential Oil Chemistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basma","family":"Najar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RD3\u2014Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis & Drug Discovery Unit, Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Blvd Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205\/5, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ylenia","family":"Pieracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Fratini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali (DISAAA-a), Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Turchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Varriale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6898-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9022-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Bozzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5605-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2023.100805","article-title":"Looking to the Future, by Studying the History of Edible Flowers","volume":"34","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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