{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:23:34Z","timestamp":1783740214596,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, the Czech Republic","award":["20243106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20243106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern characterized by a deficiency in insulin production. Considering the systemic toxicity and limited efficacy associated with current antidiabetic medications, there is the utmost need for natural, plant-based alternatives. Herbal medicines have experienced exponential growth in popularity globally in recent years for their natural origins and minimal side effects. Ecuador has a rich cultural history in ethnobotany that plays a crucial role in its people\u2019s lives. This study identifies 27 Ecuadorian medicinal plants that are traditionally used for diabetes treatment and are prepared through infusion, decoction, or juice, or are ingested in their raw forms. Among them, 22 plants have demonstrated hypoglycemic or anti-hyperglycemic properties that are rich with bioactive phytochemicals, which was confirmed in several in vitro and in vivo studies. However, Bryophyllum gastonis-bonnieri, Costus villosissimus, Juglans neotropica, Pithecellobium excelsum, and Myroxylon peruiferum, which were extensively used in traditional medicine preparation in Ecuador for many decades to treat diabetes, are lacking in pharmacological elucidation. The Ecuadorian medicinal plants used to treat diabetes have been found to have several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenoids that are mainly responsible for reducing blood sugar levels and oxidative stress, regulating intestinal function, improving insulin resistance, inhibiting \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase, lowering gluconeogenic enzymes, stimulating glucose uptake mechanisms, and playing an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, there is a substantial lack of integrated approaches between the existing ethnomedicinal practices and pharmacological research. Therefore, this review aims to discuss and explore the traditional medicinal plants used in Ecuador for treating DM and their bioactive phytochemicals, which are mainly responsible for their antidiabetic properties. We believe that the use of Ecuadorian herbal medicine in a scientifically sound way can substantially benefit the local economy and industries seeking natural products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13111436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T06:54:09Z","timestamp":1716360849000},"page":"1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring Folklore Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Components Focusing on Antidiabetic Potential: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soham","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, Prague 6, 16500 Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, Prague 6, 16500 Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9la","family":"Flekalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, Prague 6, 16500 Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salom\u00e9","family":"Gordillo-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Avda. 17 de Julio 5-21, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Espinel-Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Avda. 17 de Julio 5-21, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloy","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cusimamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, Prague 6, 16500 Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32374-6","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on Diabetes: Using Data to Transform Diabetes Care and Patient Lives","volume":"396","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.058","article-title":"Molecular Pathways Associated with Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e19142","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Neuronal Changes in Diabetics","volume":"13","author":"Luna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of Diabetes Prevalence for 2017 and Projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05078-3","article-title":"Persistent Poor Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes in Developing Countries: 12 Years of Real-World Evidence of the International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS)","volume":"63","author":"Aschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Magliano, D.J., Boyko, E.J., and IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition Scientific Committee (2024, April 28). IDF Diabetes Atlas, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK581938\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, Regional and Country-Level Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2021 and Projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (Ecuador), Ecuador (2013). ENSANUT: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n, INEC Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos; MSP Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica. [Primera edici\u00f3n]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"s177","article-title":"Sistema de salud de Ecuador","volume":"53","author":"Lucio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2017.41.5.367","article-title":"Insulin Therapy for Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Position Statement of the Korean Diabetes Association, 2017","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2017.05.064","article-title":"Comparison of Ticagrelor versus Prasugrel for Inflammation, Vascular Function, and Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Requiring Coronary Stenting: A Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Trial","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Herbal Medicines for Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. PharmTech Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications: A Unifying Mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Alternative Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Dey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev. J. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160813222436","article-title":"Updates on Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural Products: Towards Antidiabetic Drug Development","volume":"25","author":"Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9008","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15129008","article-title":"Antidiabetic Properties and Mechanism of Action of Gynura procumbens Water Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"97","article-title":"Diabetes and Herbal Medicines","volume":"7","author":"Jarald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharmocol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"624","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"13","author":"Eidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0199","article-title":"Fenugreek Bread: A Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Losso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maaliah, M.S., Haddadin, M., and Abdalla, S. (2024). Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.(Milk Thistle) Ethanol Seed Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats. Pharmacogn. Mag.","DOI":"10.1177\/09731296241231104"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2754","article-title":"The Clinical Investigation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad Fruit in Treatment of Type II Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"23","author":"Huseini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"89","article-title":"Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Zingiber officinale on Alloxan-Induced and Insulin-Resistant Diabetic Male Rats","volume":"26","author":"Iranloye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. Off. Publ. Physiol. Soc. Niger."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armijos, C., Ramirez, J., and Vidari, G. (2022). Poorly Investigated Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11121590"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07015-8","article-title":"Antidiabetic Activity of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.) in Diabetic Rats via Activation of PI3K\/AKT Signalling Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ojo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glycyrrhiza Glabra: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"23","article-title":"In vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of some medicinal plants used in treatment of diabetes in southern Ecuador","volume":"18","author":"Fierro","year":"2018","journal-title":"AXIOMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.093","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and in Vitro Inhibitory Potential against Key Enzymes Relevant for Hyperglycemia and Hypertension of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants, Herbs and Spices in Latin America","volume":"101","author":"Ranilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb315422","article-title":"Distribution of Trans-Anethole and Estragole in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) of Callus Induced from Different Seedling Parts and Fruits","volume":"3","author":"Afify","year":"2011","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Ata, A., Anil Kumar, N.V., Sharopov, F., Ram\u00edrez-Alarc\u00f3n, K., Ruiz-Ortega, A., Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, S., Valere Tsouh Fokou, P., Kobarfard, F., and Amiruddin Zakaria, Z. (2019). Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100551"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-ElGawad, A.M., Elshamy, A.I., Elgorban, A.M., Hassan, E.M., Zaghloul, N.S., Alamery, S.F., El Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Elhindi, K.M., and EI-Amier, Y.A. (2022). Essential Oil of Ipomoea carnea: Chemical Profile, Chemometric Analysis, Free Radical Scavenging, and Antibacterial Activities. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159504"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcr.2023v7i3.219","article-title":"Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Persea americana Leave","volume":"7","author":"Olasunkanmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"63","article-title":"Use of Medicinal Plants According to the Ancestral Knowledge of the Indigenous People of the Yacuambi Canton, Zamora Chinchipe-Ecuador","volume":"6","author":"Morocho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green World J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2024, March 22). WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789241594448."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, L., Kvist, Z., Sanchez, O., Kvist, L., Aguirre, Z., Editores, M., Moraes, R., \u00d8llgaard, B., and Borchsenius, F. (2006). Bosques Secos En Ecuador y Sus Plantas \u00datiles. Bot\u00e1nica Econ\u00f3mica Los Andes Cent., 188\u2013204."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.12.022","article-title":"Effects of Royal Jelly on Metabolic Variables in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review","volume":"43","author":"Maleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00041","article-title":"Phytopharmacology and Clinical Updates of Berberis Species Against Diabetes and Other Metabolic Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Belwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2461","article-title":"Population-Based Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Northern Spain: The Asturias Study","volume":"30","author":"Botas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2015.01.006","article-title":"Linking RAGE and Nox in Diabetic Micro- and Macrovascular Complications","volume":"41","author":"Koulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2018.07.003","article-title":"Nutritional Supplements for the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications","volume":"14","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2024, March 23). Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/diabetes."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2024, March 23). Facts & Figures. Available online: https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2024, March 06). Global Diabetes Cases to Soar from 529 Million to 1.3 Billion by 2050|Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/news-events\/newsroom\/news-releases\/global-diabetes-cases-soar-529-million-13-billion-2050."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083766","article-title":"The Double Burden of Undernutrition and Excess Body Weight in Ecuador","volume":"100","author":"Freire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110485","article-title":"IDF2022-0851 Direct Standardized Cost of Diabetes in Ecuador","volume":"197","author":"Villacres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4202","article-title":"Diabetes Incidence and Glucose Tolerance after Termination of Pioglitazone Therapy: Results from ACT NOW","volume":"101","author":"Tripathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60501-6","article-title":"Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"4","author":"Chikhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.40.163","article-title":"Indian Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Modak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.13189\/adm.2016.040102","article-title":"Diabetes: Symptoms, Cause and Potential Natural Therapeutic Methods","volume":"4","author":"Awasthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.08.042","article-title":"Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in District Mastung of Balochistan Province-Pakistan","volume":"157","author":"Bibi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.37360\/blacpma.23.22.4.31","article-title":"Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Activity Used in the Traditional Medicine in Bolivia: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Pekova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Boletin Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.032","article-title":"An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador","volume":"111","author":"Tene","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072015","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1341\/7\/072015","article-title":"\u03b1 \u2013Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Breadfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg)","volume":"1341","author":"Rante","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"74","article-title":"New Constituents of Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers","volume":"6","author":"Hennig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.129043","article-title":"Comparative Study of Antidiabetic Activity of Cajanus cajan and Tamarindus indica in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice with a Reference to in Vitro Antioxidant Activity","volume":"6","author":"Nahar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2018.1470040","article-title":"Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Croton wagneri M\u00fcll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Grown in Ecuador","volume":"30","author":"Pino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104541","article-title":"The Medicinal Umbelliferae Plant Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): Cultivation, Traditional Uses, Phytopharmacological Properties, and Application in Animal Husbandry","volume":"16","author":"Jadid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525717666190612121516","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Foeniculum vulgare in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"20","author":"Lahrach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2470","article-title":"Glycyrrhiza glabra: A Phytopharmacological Review","volume":"4","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"97","article-title":"Estudio etnobot\u00e1nico de plantas medicinales utilizadas por los habitantes del \u00e1rea rural de la Parroquia San Carlos, Quevedo, Ecuador","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"Univ. Salud"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"98","article-title":"Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Dyslipidemic Activities of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract In Diabetic Rats","volume":"15","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Islam. Int. Med. Coll. JIIMC"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-016-9334-2","article-title":"Amazonian Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.): A Historical and Ethnobotanical Overview","volume":"70","author":"Jarrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5455\/jeim.210214.or.096","article-title":"Phytochemical Constituents and Antidiabetic Potential of Ipomoea Carnea Jacq Leaves Extracts","volume":"2014","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.79103","article-title":"Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"797","article-title":"Estudio etnobot\u00e1nico de plantas medicinales utilizadas en tres cantones de la provincia Imbabura, Ecuador","volume":"53","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agrociencia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-008-0228-1","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidative Potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"62","author":"Cemek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1353129","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1353129","article-title":"Flavonoids in Ecuadorian Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br.: Perspectives of Use of This Species as a Food Supplement","volume":"2018","author":"Vinueza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ennaifer, M., Bouzaiene, T., Chouaibi, M., and Hamdi, M. (2018). Pelargonium graveolens Aqueous Decoction: A New Water-Soluble Polysaccharide and Antioxidant-Rich Extract. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2691513"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"109","article-title":"Chemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Activity of Essential Oils from Pelargonium graveolens Leaves","volume":"9","author":"Ahamad","year":"2021","journal-title":"ARO-Sci. J. KOYA Univ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.11.031","article-title":"Phytogenic Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana L.) Extracts; Antioxidant Activity, Amylase Inhibitory Activity, Therapeutic Potential of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Labib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319340007","article-title":"Avocado (Persea americana) Seed as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals","volume":"19","author":"Dabas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezzat, S.M., Abdallah, H.M.I., Yassen, N.N., Radwan, R.A., Mostafa, E.S., Salama, M.M., and Salem, M.A. (2021). Phenolics from Physalis peruviana Fruits Ameliorate Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats via Induction of Autophagy and Apoptosis Regression. Biomed. Pharmacother., 142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111948"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60166-5","article-title":"Assessment of Antidiabetic Activity and Acute Toxicity of Leaf Extracts from Physalis peruviana L. in Guinea-Pig","volume":"3","author":"Kasali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"51","article-title":"Piper Crassinervium Kunth Vegetative Propagation: Influence of Substrates and Stem Cuttings Positions","volume":"11","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Agrotechnology"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"3942","article-title":"Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Ruta graveolens L.","volume":"6","author":"Asgarpanah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ardeshirlarijani, E., Namazi, N., Jalili, R., Saeedi, M., Imanparast, S., Adhami, H., Faramarzi, M., Ayati, M., Mahdavi, M., and Larijani, B. (2019). Potential Anti-Obesity Effects of Some Medicinal Herb: In Vitro \u03b1-Amylase, \u03b1-Glucosidase and Lipase Inhibitory Activity. Int. Biol. Biomed. J., 52."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2010.10643879","article-title":"Composition of the Essential Oils of Artemisia sodiroi Hieron., Siparuna eggersii Hieron., Tagetes filifolia Lag. and Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze from Loja Ecuador","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Naeem, M., and Aftab, T. (2024). Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"543","article-title":"A Review of the Effects of Urtica dioica (Nettle) in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Samakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(03)00182-5","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Urtica dioica","volume":"74","author":"Bnouham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652012005000009","article-title":"Micropropagation, Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Verbena litoralis Kunth (Verbenaceae)","volume":"84","author":"Braga","year":"2012","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, P., Lozano-Milo, E., Landin, M., and Gallego, P.P. (2020). From Ethnomedicine to Plant Biotechnology and Machine Learning: The Valorization of the Medicinal Plant Bryophyllum sp.. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13120444"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.15381\/anales.v77i4.12647","article-title":"Las Plantas Medicinales: Principal Alternativa Para El Cuidado de La Salud, En La Poblaci\u00f3n Rural de Babahoyo, Ecuador","volume":"77","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Fac. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2022.25.3.199","article-title":"An Overview on Plant Derived Phenolic Compounds and Their Role in Treatment and Management of Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Deka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopuncture"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160414123343","article-title":"Therapeutic Potentials of Triterpenes in Diabetes and Its Associated Complications","volume":"16","author":"Putta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.67.e51812","article-title":"Determination of Fatty Acid Composition Content in the Herbal Antidiabetic Collections","volume":"67","author":"Savych","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"82","article-title":"Herbal Medicine in Ancient Egypt","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2016.2607","article-title":"Plant Kingdom Nutraceuticals for Diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ayurvedic Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Y.-L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Niu, F.-J., Li, K.-W., Wang, Y.-Y., Wang, J., Zhou, C.-Z., and Gao, L.-N. (2023). Chamomile: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Quality Control Studies. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010133"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90874","article-title":"Biological Activities and Medicinal Properties of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp","volume":"2","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100507","article-title":"Avocado Seed Discoveries: Chemical Composition, Biological Properties, and Industrial Food Applications","volume":"16","author":"Bangar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.034","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Adiantum: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"215","author":"Rastogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.09.034","article-title":"Physalis Peruviana Linnaeus, the Multiple Properties of a Highly Functional Fruit: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Puente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697411","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.697411","article-title":"Medical Species Used in Russia for the Management of Diabetes and Related Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Shikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, J.M., Lucero Mosquera, H., and Armijos, C. (2017). Ethnobotany of Indigenous Saraguros: Medicinal Plants Used by Community Healers \u201cHampiyachakkuna\u201d in the San Lucas Parish, Southern Ecuador. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9343724"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Aguirre Mendoza, Z., Yaguana Puglla, C., and Merino, B. (2014). Plantas medicinales: De la Zona Andina de la Provincia de Loja, Primera ed., Universidad Nacional de Loja."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2011.161.170","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Urtica dioica in the Treatment of Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Mehri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.09.039","article-title":"Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of p-Coumaric Acid in Diabetic Rats, Role of Pancreatic GLUT 2: In Vivo Approach","volume":"84","author":"Amalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.12.003","article-title":"Phytochemicals for Human Disease: An Update on Plant-Derived Compounds Antibacterial Activity","volume":"196","author":"Barbieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Bansal, A., and Priyadarsini, C. (2022). Natural Drugs from Plants, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqudah, A., Athamneh, R.Y., Qnais, E., Gammoh, O., Oqal, M., AbuDalo, R., Alshaikh, H.A., AL-Hashimi, N., and Alqudah, M. (2023). The Emerging Importance of Cirsimaritin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065749"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"e9276953","article-title":"Phytochemical Composition and Chronic Hypoglycemic Effect of Bromelia Karatas on STZ-NA-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"2019","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900978","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900978","article-title":"Flavone Hispidulin Stimulates Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion and Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.36349\/easjpp.2022.v04i03.001","article-title":"Determination of Antioxidant and \u03b1\u2013Amylase Inhibition Properties of Alligator Pepper (Aframomum melegueta): A Potential Therapeutic Against Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Muhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"EAS J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b22-00913","article-title":"Apigenin Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in INS-1 \u03b2-Cells","volume":"46","author":"Ihim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8675","article-title":"Changes in Phytochemical Composition, Bioactivity and in Vitro Digestibility of Guayusa Leaves (Ilex guayusa Loes.) in Different Ripening Stages","volume":"98","author":"Baenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil","volume":"4","author":"Dzamic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17419","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902019000417419","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Identification of the Verbena litoralis Kunth Crude Extract Constituents","volume":"56","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M.G., Bueno, M., Molina-Montiel, M.\u00c1., Reyes-Vaquero, L., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, E., and Del Villar-Mart\u00ednez, A.A. (2024). Chemical Profile of Cell Cultures of Kalancho\u00eb gastonis-bonnieri Transformed by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14010189"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012090","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/733\/1\/012090","article-title":"Phytochemicals Properties of Avocado Seed: A Review","volume":"733","author":"Setyawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"91","article-title":"A Review on Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Breadfruit)","volume":"4","author":"Sikarwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800714","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.800714","article-title":"Antidiabetic Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.04.043","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Regulates Hepatic GLUT2 Gene Expression in High Fat and Fructose-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Adult Male Rat","volume":"761","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.105163","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Properties of Caffeic Acid in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"318","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7392","article-title":"Protective Effect of Vanillic Acid against Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Upregulation of NF-\u03baB, TNF-\u03b1 and COX-2 Proteins in Rats","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.056","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil from Seeds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)","volume":"35","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., El-Mleeh, A., Abdel-Daim, M.M., and Prasad Devkota, H. (2020). Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030352"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180204","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920180204","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of 7-Hydroxy-4\u2032, 6-Dimethoxy-Isoflavone and Essential Oil from Myroxylon peruiferum L.f","volume":"91","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012094","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1031\/1\/012094","article-title":"The Leaves and Stems of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) as an Alternative Source of Bioactive Substances","volume":"1031","author":"Popova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2016.1224689","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Chamomile Flowers Essential Oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)","volume":"19","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"6135","article-title":"Composition and Screening of Antifungal Activity against Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Cladosporium cladosporioides of Essential Oils of Leaves and Fruits of Piper Species","volume":"9","author":"Morandim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, W., Li, P., Ling, R., Wang, Z., Feng, X., Liu, J., Yang, Q., and Yan, J. (2022). Diversity of Volatile Compounds in Ten Varieties of Zingiberaceae. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020565"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2019.1662333","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Inula ensifolia L. Essential Oil","volume":"22","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"849","article-title":"Evaluation of Oral Administration of Lauric Acid Supplement on Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Pancreatic Histomorphological Studies in High Fat Diet\/Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Male Wistar Rats","volume":"11","author":"Alex","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135098","article-title":"In-Depth Evaluation of Nutritive, Chemical Constituents and Anti-Glycemic Properties of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) Clonal Accessions with Flake Colour Diversity from Eastern Sub-Himalayan Plains of India","volume":"407","author":"Natta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-012-0535-9","article-title":"Chemical Composition and in Vitro Cytotoxic, Genotoxic Effects of Essential Oil from Urtica dioica L.","volume":"88","author":"Demirci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2021.03.011","article-title":"Trans-Anethole Attenuated Renal Injury and Reduced Expressions of Angiotensin II Receptor (AT1R) and TGF-\u03b2 in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"185","author":"Hadjzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, Z.I., Ahmed, D., Rehman, H.M., Qamar, M.T., Froeyen, M., Ahmad, S., and Mirza, M.U. (2019). In Vitro Antidiabetic, Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Analysis of Ocimum basilicum Aerial Biomass and in Silico Molecular Docking Simulations with Alpha-Amylase and Lipase Enzymes. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8040092"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagi, S., Mohammed, A.B.A., Tzanova, T., Schohn, H., Abdelgadir, H., Stefanucci, A., Mollica, A., and Zengin, G. (2020). Chemical Profile, Antiproliferative, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities and Docking Studies of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. and Cymbopogon Nervatus (Hochst.) Chiov. from Sudan. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13107"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"620","article-title":"Phytoconstituents Investigation, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Dyslipidemic Activities of Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne Cultivated in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Valverde-Rodr\u00edguez, J.X., Jumbo-Ben\u00edtez, N.d.C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Guarnizo, P.V., Gonz\u00e1lez Rogel, J.B., I\u00f1iguez-Ordo\u00f1ez, D.P., and Pucha-Cofrep, D.A. (2020). Chemical Composition of the Wood of Juglans Neotropica Diels., and Its Relationship with the Chemical Properties of the Soil in Valladolid Parish."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133803","article-title":"Glucokinase Activity Enhancement by Cellulose Nanocrystals Isolated from Jujube Seed: A Novel Perspective for Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treatment (in Vitro)","volume":"1269","author":"Maheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.012","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Biomodified Lignin from Acacia nilotica Wood","volume":"75","author":"Barapatre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H.A., Ali, M.Y., and Choi, J.S. (2016). Promising Inhibitory Effects of Anthraquinones, Naphthopyrone, and Naphthalene Glycosides, from Cassia obtusifolia on \u03b1-Glucosidase and Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases 1B. Mol. J. Synth. Chem. Nat. Prod. Chem., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010028"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1103-y","article-title":"Ellagic Acid in Emblica Officinalis Exerts Anti-Diabetic Activity through the Action on \u03b2-Cells of Pancreas","volume":"56","author":"Fatima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.037","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effect of Quercetin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies","volume":"125","author":"Bule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.06.065","article-title":"Fisetin Improves Glucose Homeostasis through the Inhibition of Gluconeogenic Enzymes in Hepatic Tissues of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"740","author":"Prasath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17171","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902018000217171","article-title":"Anti-Diabetic Effect of Betulinic Acid on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Male Mouse Model","volume":"54","author":"Birgani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.K. (2015). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9511-1"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666230516103420","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effects of Genistein: Mechanism of Action","volume":"23","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.-Drug Targets Formerly Curr. Drug Targets-Immune Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"(2024, March 23). Search for Patents, Available online: https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/patents\/search."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Hartini, Y.S., and Setyaningsih, D. (2023). a-Amylase and a-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects of Four Piper Species and GC-MS Analysis of Piper crocatum. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers., 24."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-189","article-title":"Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) Essential Oils Attenuate Hyperglycemia and Protect against Oxidative Stress in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"12","author":"Sebai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bungau, S.G., Vesa, C.M., Bustea, C., Purza, A.L., Tit, D.M., Brisc, M.C., and Radu, A.-F. (2023). Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Potential of Essential Oils in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216501"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seethalakshmi, S., Sarumathi, R., and Sankaranarayanan, C. (2023). Effect of Alpha-Phellandrene on Glucose Uptake and Adipogenesis in Insulin Resistant 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: An in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Asian J. Biol. Life Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.5530\/ajbls.2023.12.79"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/956","article-title":"The Response to Oxidative Stress \u03b1-Humulene Compounds Hibiscus Manihot L Leaf on The Activity of 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoksiquanosin Levels Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells in Diabetic Rats","volume":"9","author":"Gunawan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"2057333","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Effects of Plant Flavonoids: A Review","volume":"2021","author":"Darmarajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1218893","article-title":"Functional Components, Antidiabetic, Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Antioxidant Activities of Salvia syriaca L.","volume":"20","author":"Bahadori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazir, N., Zahoor, M., Uddin, F., and Nisar, M. (2021). Chemical Composition, in Vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antidiabetic Potential of Essential Oil of Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03228-y"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2015.1110166","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Essential Oils Obtained from Two Spices (Syzygium aromaticum and Cuminum cyminum)","volume":"19","author":"Tahir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Kury, L.T., Abdoh, A., Ikbariah, K., Sadek, B., and Mahgoub, M. (2021). In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenoids: An Update. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010182"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maharaj, V., Ezeofor, C.C., Naidoo Maharaj, D., Muller, C.J.F., and Obonye, N.J. (2022). Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from the Aqueous Extract of Sclerocarya Birrea Leaves. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27228095"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalai, F.Z., Boulaaba, M., Ferdousi, F., and Isoda, H. (2022). Effects of Isorhamnetin on Diabetes and Its Associated Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and a Post Hoc Transcriptome Analysis of Involved Molecular Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020704"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160909153707","article-title":"The Antidiabetic Potential of Quercetin: Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Eid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashiesh, H.M., Meeran, M.F.N., Sharma, C., Sadek, B., Kaabi, J.A., and Ojha, S.K. (2020). Therapeutic Potential of \u03b2-Caryophyllene: A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102963"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, L., Wu, D., Tan, X., Zhong, M., Xing, J., Li, W., Li, D., and Cao, F. (2022). The Role of Catechins in Regulating Diabetes: An Update Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214681"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmazar, M.M., El-Abhar, H.S., Schaalan, M.F., and Farag, N.A. (2013). Phytol\/Phytanic Acid and Insulin Resistance: Potential Role of Phytanic Acid Proven by Docking Simulation and Modulation of Biochemical Alterations. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045638"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoca, M., Becer, E., and Vatansever, H.S. (2023). Carvacrol Is Potential Molecule for Diabetes Treatment. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2023.2288537"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouyahya, A., Mechchate, H., Benali, T., Ghchime, R., Charfi, S., Balahbib, A., Burkov, P., Shariati, M.A., Lorenzo, J.M., and Omari, N.E. (2021). Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Carvone. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121803"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112089","article-title":"Essential Oils of Hedgenettles (Stachys inflata, S. lavandulifolia, and S. byzantina) Have Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, Antidiabetic, and Anti-Obesity Potential: A Comparative Study","volume":"145","author":"Bahadori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2020.1864483","article-title":"Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activities of Root Wood and Root Bark Essential Oils from Pterocarpus soyauxii TAUB","volume":"24","author":"Ojah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/11\/1436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:46:23Z","timestamp":1760107583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/11\/1436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13111436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13111436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}}}