{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:19:37Z","timestamp":1788466777081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization), ARDA, Thailand","award":["R000017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R000017323"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["R000017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R000017323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to the inability of the penis to maintain a firm erection during sexual activity. Mucuna, or M. pruriens, contains levodopa, a compound showing promise in ED treatment. However, formulating Mucuna extract into tablet dosage forms is challenging due to its semisolid nature. This study aimed to develop sustained-release tablets containing Mucuna extract via semisolid extrusion 3D printing. Eudragit RS PO (Eudragit) served as a sustained-release polymer, with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a co-polymer for forming the tablet matrices. This study had the following two main phases: screening, which identified the factors affecting the printability, and optimization, which focused on the factors influencing the levodopa release and its consistency. The results showed that both the polymeric solid percentage content (PSPC) in the semisolid slurry and the Eudragit-PVA ratio significantly affected the printability. All of the formulations were printable, and the PSPC and Eudragit-PVA ratios were incorporated into the optimized model. The desired formulation, achieving targeted levodopa release and consistency, had a PSPC of 58.8% and a Eudragit-PVA ratio of 2.87:1. In conclusion, semisolid extrusion 3D printing guided by the design of experiments (DoE) proved feasible for producing reliable 3D-printed tablets with consistent active ingredients and desired release rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13162294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T03:43:28Z","timestamp":1724039008000},"page":"2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design and Optimization of 3D-Printed Tablets Containing Mucuna Extracts for Erectile Dysfunction Management: A DoE-Guided Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ratchapoom","family":"Wattanawiggan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Chansakaow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pensak","family":"Jantrawut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattaraporn","family":"Panraksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutamas","family":"Jiaranaikulwanitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suruk","family":"Udomsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patnarin","family":"Worajittiphon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6401-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratchaya","family":"Tipduangta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.M., Wu, B.R., Xiang, P., Xiao, J., and Hu, X.C. (2023). Management of Male Erectile Dysfunction: From the Past to the Future. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1148834"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2005.08.007","article-title":"Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Dean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000331654","article-title":"Sexual Problems in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.3","article-title":"Erectile Dysfunction","volume":"2","author":"Yafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2021.1926753","article-title":"Alternative Medicine and Herbal Remedies in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Leisegang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathania, R., Chawla, P., Khan, H., Kaushik, R., and Khan, M.A. (2020). An Assessment of Potential Nutritive and Medicinal Properties of Mucuna pruriens: A Natural Food Legume. 3 Biotech, 10.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02253-x"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.03.001","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of Natural Compounds from Seed Extract of Mucuna pruriens Lacking L-DOPA for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Duangnin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2021.12.001","article-title":"Protective Effects of Thai Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Var. Pruriens Seeds on Sexual Behaviors and Essential Reproductive Markers in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice","volume":"12","author":"Sattayasai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theansungnoen, T., Nitthikan, N., Wilai, M., Chaiwut, P., Kiattisin, K., and Intharuksa, A. (2022). Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Aging Activities of Ethanolic Seed Extracts of Four Mucuna Species. Cosmetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9010014"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300580","article-title":"Effect of a Single Dose of Levodopa on Sexual Response in Men and Women","volume":"30","author":"Both","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.045","article-title":"Mucuna pruriens Improves Male Fertility by Its Action on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis","volume":"92","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"133","article-title":"Toxicity Assessment of Mucuna pruriens Linn. Seeds","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafat, M., Sarfraz, M., and AbuRuz, S. (2021). Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Controlled Release Viagra\u00ae Containing Poloxamer-188 Using Gastroplus\u2122 PBPK Modeling Software for In Vivo Predictions and Pharmacokinetic Assessments. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050479"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22037","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Levodopa","volume":"23","author":"Nutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"29","article-title":"Review on Sustained Release Technology","volume":"7","author":"Pareek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. Arch."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad, M.A., Olawuni, D., Kimbell, G., Nunna, S., and Boateng, J. (2020). Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials\u2013Process Perspective. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020124"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34697","article-title":"Development of Methylcellulose-Based Sustained-Release Dosage by Semisolid Extrusion Additive Manufacturing in Drug Delivery System","volume":"109","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.123238","article-title":"3D Printed Agar\/Calcium Alginate Hydrogels with High Shape Fidelity and Tailorable Mechanical Properties","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1800410","article-title":"Three-dimensional Printing of Biomaterials with Controlled Shape Fidelity","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10470","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR02041C","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printing of Freeform Helical Microstructures: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Farahani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10026","DOI":"10.1002\/amp2.10026","article-title":"A Guide to Solution-Based Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Structures: Ink Design, Porosity Manipulation, and Printing Strategy","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"585","article-title":"Preparation and Characterisation of Fluconazole Vaginal Films for the Treatment of Vaginal Candidiasis","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1076","article-title":"The Geometry of Dissolution in Solid Dispersions","volume":"53","author":"Hixson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-011-0068-4","article-title":"Potassium Sorbate Release from Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Bacterial Cellulose Films","volume":"66","author":"Jipa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"137","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Polymethacrylate-Based Matrix Microspheres of Carbamazepine Using Solvent Evaporation Method","volume":"62","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20160332s20140089","article-title":"Adsorption Process of Molecularly Imprinted Silica for Extraction of Lactose from Milk","volume":"33","author":"Balieiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"231","article-title":"Study of Phytochemicals in Methanol Extract of Mucuna pruriens","volume":"1","author":"Divya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panraksa, P., Udomsom, S., Rachtanapun, P., Chittasupho, C., Ruksiriwanich, W., and Jantrawut, P. (2020). Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E15: A Hydrophilic Polymer for Fabrication of Orodispersible Film Using Syringe Extrusion 3D Printer. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112666"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2015.1075070","article-title":"Comparison of Green Extraction Methods with Conventional Extraction Method for Extract Yield, L-DOPA Concentration, and Antioxidant Activity of Mucuna pruriens Seed","volume":"8","author":"Dhanani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem. Lett. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cunniff, P. (2023). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Oxford University Press."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/16\/2294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:38:25Z","timestamp":1760110705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/16\/2294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13162294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13162294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]}}}