{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:22:42Z","timestamp":1787872962929,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-74-10081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-10081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124052200012-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124052200012-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFES-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFES-2024-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122042700045-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122042700045-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-74-10081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-10081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124052200012-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124052200012-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFES-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFES-2024-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122042700045-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122042700045-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-74-10081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-10081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124052200012-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124052200012-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFES-2024-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFES-2024-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122042700045-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122042700045-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: The functional state of enrichment cultures of the Chlorophycean strain Chlorococcum oleofaciens CAMU MZ\u2013Ch4 under various cultivation conditions was studied. Experiments with different aeration conditions, cultivation durations, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the medium were carried out to evaluate the growth dynamics of the strain and its biochemical characteristics. The contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, proteins, lipids, retinol, \u03b1-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase), and succinate dehydrogenase activity were measured. The lipid content on the fully supplemented Bold\u2019s basal medium increased to 381.03 mg g\u22121 dry weight at the late stationary growth phase. This value is 1.3\u20132.8 times higher than in other experiments. The use of aeration was associated with an increased content of proteins at 283.56 mg g\u22121 and of carotenoids at 2.12 mg g\u22121. Also, cultures at the early stationary growth phase with aeration showed the ability to accumulate phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in amounts up to 0.32 mg g\u22121 and 0.19 mg g\u22121. The 74-day-old cultures had the highest contents of retinol (0.16 mg g\u22121) and \u03b1-tocopherol (0.68 mg g\u22121). Growth in nitrogen- and phosphorus-depleted media increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. A comprehensive analysis of all data showed that the antioxidant defence system is stress-resistant and flexible under varying aeration conditions and nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities. Thus, the strain CAMU MZ\u2013Ch4 can be considered a potential producer of lipids, pigments, proteins, and vitamins under various culturing conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13172413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:09:53Z","timestamp":1724929793000},"page":"2413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Biochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Chlorococcum oleofaciens (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) under Various Cultivation Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Maltseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Melitopol State University, 72312 Melitopol"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Yakoviichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Melitopol State University, 72312 Melitopol"},{"name":"K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Maltseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Cherkashina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Melitopol State University, 72312 Melitopol"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Kulikovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yevhen","family":"Maltsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabris, M., Abbriano, R.M., Pernice, M., Sutherland, D.L., Commault, A.S., Hall, C.C., Labeeuw, L., McCauley, J.I., Kuzhiuparambil, U., and Ray, P. (2020). Emerging technologies in algal biotechnology: Toward the establishment of a sustainable, algae-based bioeconomy. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00279"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13116","article-title":"A new species of freshwater algae Nephrochlamys yushanlensis sp. nov. (Selenastraceae, Sphaeropleales) and its lipid accumulation during nitrogen and phosphorus starvation","volume":"57","author":"Maltsev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltsev, Y., Krivova, Z., Maltseva, S., Maltseva, K., Gorshkova, E., and Kulikovskiy, M. (2021). Lipid accumulation by Coelastrella multistriata (Scenedesmaceae, Sphaeropleales) during nitrogen and phosphorus starvation. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99376-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.07.050","article-title":"Microalgae lipid and biomass for biofuel production: A comprehensive review on lipid enhancement strategies and their effects on fatty acid composition","volume":"97","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X.-M., Ren, L.-J., Zhao, Q.-Y., Ji, X.-J., and Huang, H. (2018). Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids: A review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1275-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2021.1911862","article-title":"Isolation and screening of microalgal species, native to Zimbabwe, with potential use in biodiesel production","volume":"14","author":"Sero","year":"2021","journal-title":"All Life"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02244-6","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus stress as a tool to induce lipid production in microalgae","volume":"22","author":"Maltsev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0953-4","article-title":"Effects of sodium bicarbonate on cell growth, lipid accumulation, and morphology of Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1399-0","article-title":"The \u2018stress\u2019 concept in microalgal biology\u2014Homeostasis, acclimation and adaptation","volume":"30","author":"Borowitzka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18419-w","article-title":"Heavy metal\u2013induced stress in eukaryotic algae\u2013mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance with particular emphasis on oxidative stress in exposed cells and the role of antioxidant response","volume":"29","author":"Nowicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01459-1","article-title":"Challenging microalgal vitamins for human health","volume":"19","author":"Smerilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9297","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22091","article-title":"Invited review: Current enteric methane mitigation options","volume":"105","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2022.12.001","article-title":"Exploring Nordic microalgae as a potential novel source of antioxidant and bioactive compounds","volume":"73","author":"Vigara","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.F., Garc\u00eda-Alamilla, P., Palma-Ram\u00edrez, D., \u00c1lvarez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C.A., Paredes-Rojas, J.C., and M\u00e1rquez-Rocha, F.J. (2020). Continuous microalgal cultivation for antioxidants production. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184171"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"125","article-title":"Photoperiod influenced the growth and antioxidative responses of Chlorella vulgaris, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis chuii. J","volume":"11","author":"Yusof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-M., Chen, H., He, C.-L., and Wang, Q. (2013). Nitrogen starvation induced oxidative stress in an oil-producing green alga Chlorella sorokiniana C3. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069225"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokshi, K., Pancha, I., Ghosh, A., and Mishra, S. (2017). Nitrogen starvation-induced cellular crosstalk of ROS-scavenging antioxidants and phytohormone enhanced the biofuel potential of green microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-017-0747-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127793","article-title":"Toxic mechanism of three azole fungicides and their mixture to green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa","volume":"262","author":"Nong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, C., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhou, G.-J., and Bi, Y. (2022). Response of antioxidant enzyme activities of the green microalga Chlorococcum sp. AZHB to Cu2+ and Cd2+ stress. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610320"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159894","article-title":"Investigation of toxic effect of mercury on Microcystis aeruginosa: Correlation between intracellular mercury content at single cells level and algae physiological responses","volume":"858","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.15421\/021782","article-title":"New finding of green algae with potential for algal biotechnology, Chlorococcum oleofaciens and its molecular investigation","volume":"8","author":"Maltsev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul. Mech. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2478\/foecol-2018-0008","article-title":"The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter","volume":"45","author":"Maltsev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Oecologica"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12343","article-title":"Taxonomic revision of oil-producing green algae, Chlorococcum oleofaciens (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae), and its relatives","volume":"51","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ettl, H., and G\u00e4rtner, G. (1995). Syllabus der Boden-, Luft und Flechtenalgen, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995425514020140","article-title":"Peculiarities of postpyrogene development of algae in steppe biocenoses at Askania Nova Biospheric National Park","volume":"7","author":"Scherbina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp. Probl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01759-y","article-title":"Diversity of cyanobacteria and algae during primary succession in iron ore tailing dumps","volume":"83","author":"Maltsev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1953.tb06552.x","article-title":"Three new unicellular Chlorophyceae from soil","volume":"40","author":"Trainor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-020-10144-5","article-title":"Light intensity improves growth, lipid productivity, and fatty acid profile of Chlorococcum oleofaciens (Chlorophyceae) for biodiesel production","volume":"13","author":"Rayati","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.12.067","article-title":"Enhancement effects of ferric ion concentrations on growth and lipid characteristics of freshwater microalga Chlorococcum oleofaciens KF584224.1 for biodiesel production","volume":"149","author":"Assareh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.01.003","article-title":"Microalgae for oil. Assessment of fatty acid productivity in continuous culture by two high-yield strains, Chlorococcum oleofaciens and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata","volume":"23","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4467\/16890027AP.19.003.10834","article-title":"Novel media for effective lipid production of Chlorococcum oleofaciens: A RSM approach","volume":"58","author":"Pauline","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouzidi, N.E., Grama, S.B., Khelef, A.E., Yang, D., and Li, J. (2022). Inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities enhances carotenogenesis in microalga Dactylococcus dissociatus MT1. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1014604"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Pei, H., Mu, R., Ma, G., Wu, D., and Han, Q. (2019). Characterization and optimization of endogenous lipid accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris SDEC-3M ability to rapidly accumulate lipid for reversing nightly lipid loss. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1493-9"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"82","article-title":"Biomass and lipid productivity by four fresh water microalgae in photoreactor","volume":"2","author":"Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608862113","article-title":"Bicarbonate-induced redox tuning in Photosystem II for regulation and protection","volume":"113","author":"Brinkert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12443","article-title":"Development of a single phase nitrate feeding strategy for enhanced lipid productivity from green microalgae for biodiesel production","volume":"36","author":"Sonkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.12.143","article-title":"Understanding precision nitrogen stress to optimize the growth and lipid content tradeoff in oleaginous green microalgae","volume":"131","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.03.098","article-title":"Biomass and lipid production of a local isolate Chlorella sorokiniana under mixotrophic growth conditions","volume":"191","author":"Juntila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-008-9392-7","article-title":"Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production","volume":"21","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mtaki, K., Kyewalyanga, M.S., and Mtolera, M.S.P. (2021). Supplementing wastewater with NPK fertilizer as a cheap source of nutrients in cultivating live food (Chlorella vulgaris). Ann. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13213-020-01618-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangavel, K., Krishnan, P.R., Nagaiah, S., Kuppusamy, S., Chinnasamy, S., Rajadorai, J.S., Olaganathan, G.N., and Dananjeyan, B. (2018). Growth and metabolic characteristics of oleaginous microalgal isolates from Nilgiri biosphere Reserve of India. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1144-x"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.130.428","article-title":"Nitrogen source, an important determinant of fatty acid accumulation and profile in Scenedesmus obliquus","volume":"130","author":"Tekin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720150707","article-title":"Effects of nutritional conditions on lipid production by cyanobacteria","volume":"89","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.11.003","article-title":"Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine","volume":"26","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5935\/1806-6690.20190007","article-title":"Metabolites of interest for food technology produced by microalgae from the Northeast Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Sassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eanc. Agron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/711\/1\/012010","article-title":"Effect of different nitrogen sources on cell growth and biochemical compositions of Chlorococcum sp. cultivated under laboratory conditions","volume":"711","author":"Fatini","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, N., Pereira, H., Schulze, P.S.C., Costa, M.M., Santo, G.E., Guerra, I., Trov\u00e3o, M., Barros, A., Cardoso, H., and Silva, J.L. (2023). Heterotrophic and photoautotrophic media optimization using response surface methodology for the novel microalga Chlorococcum amblystomatis. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042089"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201393312","article-title":"Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media","volume":"85","author":"Chia","year":"2013","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Feng, J., Lv, J., Liu, Q., Nan, F., Liu, X., and Xie, S. (2019). Physiological changes of Parachlorella kessleri TY02 in lipid accumulation under nitrogen stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071188"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekini\u0107, I.G., \u0160imat, V., Rathod, N.B., Hamed, I., and \u010cagalj, M. (2023). Algal carotenoids: Chemistry, sources, and application. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142768"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.066","article-title":"Comparative assessment on the extraction of carotenoids from microalgal sources: Astaxanthin from H. pluvialis and \u03b2-carotene from D. salina","volume":"277","author":"Rammuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44120427","article-title":"Microalgal carotenoids: Therapeutic application and latest approaches to enhance the production","volume":"44","author":"Sirohi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1432561","article-title":"Industrial potential of carotenoid pigments from microalgae: Current trends and future prospects","volume":"59","author":"Ambati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.07.008","article-title":"Identification of carotenoids and chlorophylls fromgreen algae Chlorococcum humicola and extraction by liquefied dimethyl ether","volume":"123","author":"Babadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-023-00407-3","article-title":"Valuable pigments from microalgae: Phycobiliproteins, primary carotenoids, and fucoxanthin","volume":"22","author":"Zittelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, N., and Philippidis, G.P. (2023). The prospects of algae-derived vitamins and their precursors for sustainable cosmeceuticals. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020587"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(03)00040-6","article-title":"Vitamin E (\u03b1-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultivation","volume":"20","author":"Tuan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2014.12.002","article-title":"Impact of nutrient stress on antioxidant production in three species of microalgae","volume":"7","author":"Goiris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02161206","article-title":"The ascorbic acid content of eleven species of microalgae used in mariculture","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canelli, G., Tevere, S., Jaquenod, L., Dionisi, F., Rohfritsch, Z., Bolten, C.J., Neutsch, L., and Mathys, A. (2022). A novel strategy to simultaneously enhance bioaccessible lipids and antioxidants in hetero\/mixotrophic Chlorella vulgaris as functional ingredient. Bioresour. Technol., 347.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126744"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.07.213","article-title":"Vitamin E (\u03b1-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation","volume":"272","author":"Durmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Paliwal, C., Nesamma, A.A., Narula, A., and Jutur, P.P. (2020). Nutrient deprivation mobilizes the production of unique tocopherols as a stress-promoting response in a new indigenous isolate Monoraphidium sp.. Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.575817"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.15407\/biotech7.02.026","article-title":"Microalgae as tocopherol producers","volume":"7","author":"Mokrosnop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicho\u0144ski, J., and Chrzanowski, G. (2022). Microalgae as a source of valuable phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248852"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.11.004","article-title":"Biological activities of two macroalgae from Adriatic coast of Montenegro","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriopoulos, V., Gkioni, M.D., Koutra, E., Mastropetros, S.G., Lamari, F.N., Hatziantoniou, S., and Kornaros, M. (2022). Total phenolic content, biomass composition, and antioxidant activity of selected marine microalgal species with potential as aquaculture feed. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071320"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0084-6","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant capacities of green microalgae","volume":"26","author":"Choochote","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9804-6","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content","volume":"24","author":"Goiris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1630","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts of selected marine diatoms","volume":"44","author":"Hemalatha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega, J., Bonomi-Barufi, J., G\u00f3mez-Pinchetti, J.L., and Figueroa, F.L. (2020). Cyanobacteria and red macroalgae as potential sources of antioxidants and UV radiation-absorbing compounds for cosmeceutical applications. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120659"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.31111\/nsnr\/2018.52.2.311","article-title":"Soil algae of the Northeastern European Russia","volume":"52","author":"Patova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nov. Sist. Nizshikh Rastenii"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.15421\/011934","article-title":"Halotolerant strain of Chlorococcum oleofaciens from the Lake Elton Biosphere Reserve","volume":"27","author":"Ignatenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Divers."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/09670262.2018.1557257","article-title":"Composition of biological soil crusts from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea coast in the context of an integrative approach to the taxonomy of microalgae and cyanobacteria","volume":"54","author":"Mikhailyuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K.A., Lalung, J., Morad, N., Ismail, N., Wan Omar, W.M., Khan, M.A., Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, M., and Rafatullah, M. (2021). Post-treatment of palm oil mill effluent using immobilised green microalgae Chlorococcum oleofaciens. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132111562"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.001","article-title":"Oxidative damage and antioxidative system in algae","volume":"6","author":"Rezayian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.05.002","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants","volume":"57","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.11.002","article-title":"Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids: Molecular bases of potential antioxidant actions","volume":"90","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.02.007","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase: The complex roles of a simple enzyme","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03200-7","article-title":"The assembly of succinate dehydrogenase: A key enzyme in bioenergetics","volume":"76","author":"Moosavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7339","DOI":"10.3390\/md13127069","article-title":"Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Tocopherols Contribute to the Antioxidative Properties of Some Microalgae Species Grown on Industrial Wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Safafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"19","article-title":"Tocopherols, Phycocyanin and Superoxide Dismutase from Microalgae: As Potential Food Antioxidants","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101878","article-title":"Nutraceutical Applications of Twenty-Five Species of Rapid-Growing Green-Microalgae as Indicated by Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Mineral Content","volume":"47","author":"Santhakumaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13545","article-title":"Photoprotective and Antioxidant Responses to Light Spectrum and Intensity Variations in the Coastal Diatom Skeletonema marinoi","volume":"19","author":"Smerilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakoviichuk, A., Krivova, Z., Maltseva, S., Kochubey, A., Kulikovskiy, M., and Maltsev, Y. (2023). Antioxidant status and biotechnological potential of new Vischeria vischeri (Eustigmatophyceae) soil strains in enrichment cultures. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030654"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Bischoff, H.W., and Bold, H.C. (1963). Phycological studies IV. Some Soil Algae from Enchanted Rock and Related Algal Species, University of Texas Publication."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.2175\/106143015X14362865227193","article-title":"Scenedesmus quadricauda for nutrient removal and lipid production in wastewater","volume":"87","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polat, E., Y\u00fcksel, E., and Alt\u0131nba\u015f, M. (2020). Mutual effect of sodium and magnesium on the cultivation of microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides. Biomass Bioenergy, 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.105441"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"13","article-title":"Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll\u2014A, B and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents","volume":"22","author":"Dere","year":"1998","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1556\/JPC.21.2008.3.13","article-title":"Identification and quantification of tocopherols in vegetable oils by thin-layer chromatography","volume":"21","author":"Hodisan","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPC-J. Planar Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)85188-2","article-title":"Separation of vitamin A compounds by thin-layer chromatography","volume":"147","author":"Fung","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez, L., Armada, D., Celeiro, M., Dagnac, T., and Llompart, M. (2021). Evaluating the presence and contents of phytochemicals in honey samples: Phenolic compounds as indicators to identify their botanical origin. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112616"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1995.1127","article-title":"Extraction and determination of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate from plant tissue","volume":"225","author":"Kampfenkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1360","article-title":"Assay of succinate dehydrogenase activity by a colorimetric-continuous method using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride as electron acceptor","volume":"212","author":"Munujos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"13","article-title":"Determination of human serum glutathione peroxidase activity, by using hydrogen peroxide and 5,5\u2032-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)","volume":"6","author":"Razygraev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klin. Lab. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(91)90067-M","article-title":"A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range","volume":"196","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(75)80147-7","article-title":"Enzymatic and non-enzymatic assay of superoxide dismutase","volume":"57","author":"Fried","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412767","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9412767","article-title":"A Simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in fried fast foods","volume":"2016","author":"Zeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90046-5","article-title":"Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent","volume":"90","author":"Hara","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A.3A.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpph.3","article-title":"Assays for determination of protein concentration","volume":"73","author":"Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"De S\u00e1, J.P.M. (2007). Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R, Springer."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/17\/2413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:00Z","timestamp":1760111100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/17\/2413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13172413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13172413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}