{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:18:44Z","timestamp":1791839924169,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF) Research Team Promotion Grant, RTA, Senior Research Scholar","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF) Research Team Promotion Grant, RTA, Senior Research Scholar","award":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"]}]},{"name":"the Center of Excellence in Agro-Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"the Center of Excellence in Agro-Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University","award":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Fund 2024, Chiang Mai University","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Fund 2024, Chiang Mai University","award":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoE\/RG66\/67-P001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a genetic condition characterized by an excessive response to androgens, leading to hairline regression in men and hair thinning at the vertex in women, which can negatively impact self-esteem. Conventional synthetic treatments for AGA are often limited by their side effects. In contrast, Thai medicinal plants offer a promising alternative with fewer adverse effects. This study investigates the synergistic phytochemical and pharmacological effects of a novel Hair RiseTM microemulsion, formulated with bioactive extracts from rice bran (Oryza sativa), shallot bulb (Allium ascalonicum), licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and corn kernels (Zea mays), for the treatment of hair loss. The microemulsion, in concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% (v\/v), significantly enhanced the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) compared to minoxidil. Additionally, it upregulated critical hair growth signaling pathways, including Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin (CTNNB1), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH, SMO, GLI1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), surpassing standard controls such as minoxidil and purmorphamine. The microemulsion also demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by reducing nitric oxide production and oxidative stress, factors that contribute to inflammation and follicular damage in AGA. Furthermore, Hair RiseTM inhibited 5\u03b1-reductase (types 1\u20133), a key enzyme involved in androgen metabolism, in both human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and HFDPCs. These findings suggest that Hair RiseTM microemulsion presents a promising natural therapy for promoting hair growth and reducing hair loss via multiple synergistic mechanisms, offering a potent, plant-based alternative to synthetic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13192802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:08:18Z","timestamp":1728284898000},"page":"2802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Synergistic Phytochemical and Pharmacological Actions of Hair RiseTM Microemulsion: A Novel Herbal Formulation for Androgenetic Alopecia and Hair Growth Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurak","family":"Muangsanguan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warintorn","family":"Ruksiriwanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pichchapa","family":"Linsaenkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pensak","family":"Jantrawut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kittisak","family":"Jantanasakulwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarana Rose","family":"Sommano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korawan","family":"Sringarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiwat","family":"Arjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathukorn","family":"Sainakham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Castagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avenida Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.08.013","article-title":"Lasers, lights, and compounds for hair loss in aesthetics","volume":"40","author":"Ring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khantham, C., Ruksiriwanich, W., Sringarm, K., Prom-U-Thai, C., Jamjod, S., Arjin, C., Muangsanguan, A., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., and Phimolsiripol, Y. (2023). Effects of bioactive composition in Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105 bran extract on gene expression related to hair cycle in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13020295"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700999","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone-inducible dickkopf 1 from balding dermal papilla cells causes apoptosis in follicular keratinocytes","volume":"128","author":"Kwack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00093-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"37","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-002-0402-y","article-title":"Nitric oxide in the human hair follicle: Constitutive and dihydrotestosterone-induced nitric oxide synthase expression and NO production in dermal papilla cells","volume":"81","author":"Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkac022","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkac022","article-title":"Regulation of signaling pathways in hair follicle stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.004","article-title":"Coordinated activation of Wnt in epithelial and melanocyte stem cells initiates pigmented hair regeneration","volume":"145","author":"Rabbani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1038103","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog-dependent activation of Gli2 is essential for embryonic hair follicle development","volume":"17","author":"Mill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S89124","article-title":"Collagenase IV plays an important role in regulating hair cycle by inducing VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-\u03b2 expression","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S284435","article-title":"Topical treatment for scarring and non-scarring alopecia: An overview of the current evidence","volume":"14","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Human hair follicles contain two forms of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, only one of which is sensitive to minoxidil","volume":"22","author":"Shorter","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.007","article-title":"The importance of dual 5alpha-reductase inhibition in the treatment of male pattern hair loss: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled study of dutasteride versus finasteride","volume":"55","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khayri, J.M., Rashmi, R., Toppo, V., Chole, P.B., Banadka, A., Sudheer, W.N., Nagella, P., Shehata, W.F., Al-Mssallem, M.Q., and Alessa, F.M. (2023). Plant secondary metabolites: The weapons for biotic stress management. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060716"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesika, P., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Thangaleela, S., Bharathi, M., and Chaiyasut, C. (2023). Role and mechanisms of phytochemicals in hair growth and health. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020206"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisetkomolmat, J., Arjin, C., Satsook, A., Seel-Audom, M., Ruksiriwanich, W., Prom-u-Thai, C., and Sringarm, K. (2022). Comparative analysis of nutritional components and phytochemical attributes of selected Thai rice bran. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.833730"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruksiriwanich, W., Khantham, C., Muangsanguan, A., Chittasupho, C., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., Phimolsiripol, Y., Sommano, S.R., Sringarm, K., and Ferrer, E. (2022). Phytochemical constitution, anti-inflammation, anti-androgen, and hair growth-promoting potential of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) extract. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111499"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruksiriwanich, W., Linsaenkart, P., Khantham, C., Muangsanguan, A., Sringarm, K., Jantrawut, P., Prom-U-Thai, C., Jamjod, S., Yamuangmorn, S., and Arjin, C. (2023). Regulatory effects of thai rice by-product extracts from Oryza sativa L. cv. Bue Bang 3 CMU and Bue Bang 4 CMU on melanin production, nitric oxide secretion, and steroid 5\u03b1-reductase inhibition. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12030653"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khantham, C., Linsaenkart, P., Chaitep, T., Jantrawut, P., Chittasupho, C., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., Phimolsiripol, Y., Sommano, S.R., and Prom-U-Thai, C. (2022). Antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and regulation of SRD5A gene expression of Oryza sativa cv. Bue Bang 3 CMU husk and bran extracts as androgenetic alopecia molecular treatment substances. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030330"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.4459","article-title":"A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings","volume":"23","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104803","article-title":"Recent advances in chemical analysis of licorice (Gan-Cao)","volume":"149","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00302","article-title":"18-\u03b2-Glycyrrhetinic acid promotes hair growth by stimulating the proliferation of dermal papilla cells and outer root sheath cells, and extends the anagen phase by Inhibiting 5\u03b1-reductase","volume":"47","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Evaluation of hair growth properties of glycyrrhizic acid","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-018-0093-8","article-title":"The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava)","volume":"4","author":"Naseer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Phytoscience"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruksiriwanich, W., Khantham, C., Muangsanguan, A., Phimolsiripol, Y., Barba, F.J., Sringarm, K., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., Jantrawut, P., and Chittasupho, C. (2022). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extract as bioactive substances for anti-androgen and antioxidant activities. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11243514"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118352","article-title":"The assessment of composition, biological properties, safety and molecular docking of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extracts from the valorization of agricultural waste products in Thailand","volume":"212","author":"Sawangwong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velho, P., Rebelo, C.S., and Macedo, E.A. (2023). Extraction of gallic acid and ferulic acid for application in hair supplements. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052369"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: Concepts, development and applications in drug delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangsanguan, A., Linsaenkart, P., Chaitep, T., Sangta, J., Sommano, S.R., Sringarm, K., Arjin, C., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., and Phimolsiripol, Y. (2023). Hair growth promotion and anti-hair loss effects of by-products arabica coffee pulp extracts using supercritical fluid extraction. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224116"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uwineza, P.A., Gramza-Micha\u0142owska, A., Bry\u0142a, M., and Wa\u015bkiewicz, A. (2021). Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of lamium album flower extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167419"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I1. 2.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.fai0102s06","article-title":"Extraction and isolation of polyphenolics","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sa\u0142ata, A., Nurzy\u0144ska-Wierdak, R., Kalisz, A., and Moreno-Ram\u00f3n, H. (2022). Impacts of alexandrian clover living mulch on the yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of leek and shallot. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12112602"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2021.v13s2.19","article-title":"Total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition of corn cob (Zea mays) extract","volume":"13","author":"Dewi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.12691\/jfnr-8-12-3","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root and its application in functional yoghurt","volume":"8","author":"Hamad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123624","article-title":"Active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquids assisted follicular co-delivery of ferulic acid and finasteride for enhancing targeted anti-alopecia","volume":"648","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04933-1","article-title":"Supercritical CO2-ethanol extraction of oil from green coffee beans: Optimization conditions and bioactive compound identification","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2006.00260.x","article-title":"A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.04.051","article-title":"Nanoemulsion as a novel carrier system for improvement of betulinic acid oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity","volume":"237","author":"Harwansh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaikwad, V.L., Choudhari, P.B., Bhatia, N.M., and Bhatia, M.S. (2019). Characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers: In vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Therapy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816505-8.00016-3"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.01.013","article-title":"Minoxidil activates \u03b2-catenin pathway in human dermal papilla cells: A possible explanation for its anagen prolongation effect","volume":"62","author":"Kwack","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1500S","article-title":"The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation","volume":"130","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12489","article-title":"Review of hair follicle dermal papilla cells as in vitro screening model for hair growth","volume":"40","author":"Madaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20184","article-title":"Molecular principles of hair follicle induction and morphogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Paus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00441-y","article-title":"Functional hair follicle regeneration: An updated review","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S. (2022). Hair follicle morphogenesis during embryogenesis, neogenesis, and organogenesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.933370"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.6.667","article-title":"Herbal extracts induce dermal papilla cell proliferation of human hair follicles","volume":"27","author":"Rastegar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43030097","article-title":"Dexpanthenol promotes cell growth by preventing cell senescence and apoptosis in cultured human hair follicle cells","volume":"43","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X13666190621125048","article-title":"Ferulic acid: A promising therapeutic phytochemical and recent patents advances","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13732","article-title":"Examination of androgenetic alopecia with serum biomarkers","volume":"20","author":"Karabulut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12445","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits interleukin-1-mediated protection against Escherichia coli K1-induced sepsis and meningitis in a neonatal murine model","volume":"99","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, K., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2019). Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the immune system. Nutrition and Immunity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16073-9_7"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2029225","article-title":"A matured fruit extract of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stimulates the cellular immune system in mice","volume":"59","author":"Karasawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roh, K.-B., Kim, H., Shin, S., Kim, Y.-S., Lee, J.-A., Kim, M.O., Jung, E., Lee, J., and Park, D. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Zea mays L. husk extracts. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1284-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2017.68047","article-title":"Investigation of oxidative stress in patients with alopecia areata by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin in the blood","volume":"35","author":"Cwynar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol.\/Post\u0119py Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(02)00015-4","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the scalp of patients with alopecia areata","volume":"29","author":"Akar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117667","article-title":"Pantothenic acid promotes dermal papilla cell proliferation in hair follicles of American minks via inhibitor of DNA Binding 3\/Notch signaling pathway","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterle, L., Sanfilippo, S., Borgia, F., Cicero, N., and Gangemi, S. (2023). Alopecia areata: A review of the role of oxidative stress, possible biomarkers, and potential novel therapeutic approaches. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010135"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"10","article-title":"Study of protective effect of Glycyrrhetinic acid in androgen induced alopecia","volume":"8","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00852-6","article-title":"Wnt signaling: An embarrassment of receptors","volume":"10","author":"Bejsovec","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.14.1.59","article-title":"Mechanisms of Wnt signaling in development","volume":"14","author":"Wodarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abe, Y., and Tanaka, N. (2016). The hedgehog signaling networks in lung cancer: The mechanisms and roles in tumor progression and implications for cancer therapy. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7969286"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5426-3","article-title":"The role of VEGF receptors in angiogenesis; complex partnerships","volume":"63","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1185","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol EGCG suppresses Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling by promoting GSK-3\u03b2-and PP2A-independent \u03b2-catenin phosphorylation\/degradation","volume":"40","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215274","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2215274","article-title":"Chlorogenic acids inhibit adipogenesis: Implications of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.028","article-title":"Topical application of Polygonum multiflorum extract induces hair growth of resting hair follicles through upregulating Shh and \u03b2-catenin expression in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"135","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00528","article-title":"In vivo hair growth-promoting effect of rice bran extract prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saji, N., Francis, N., Blanchard, C.L., Schwarz, L.J., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2019). Rice bran phenolic compounds regulate genes associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells with induced oxidative stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194715"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.05.022","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenesis effect of shallot (Allium ascalonicum): A heat-stable and flavonoid-rich fraction of shallot extract potently inhibits angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Seyfi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.-S., Kim, S.-H., Jeong, S.-H., Jeong, U.-Y., Jung, J.-E., Lee, S.-K., and Lee, S.-H. (2022). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from whole onion (Allium cepa L.) with leaves. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12070963"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1225775","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, C.d.S., Bonaf\u00e9, G.A., Carvalho Santos, J., Martinez, C.A.R., Ortega, M.M., and Ribeiro, M.L. (2022). The anti-inflammatory properties of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)-derived compounds in intestinal disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084121"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"318","article-title":"Comparison of minerals, ferulic acid, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of products from raw maize and germinated maize with selenium","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111227","article-title":"Black corn (Zea mays L.) soluble extract showed anti-inflammatory effects and improved the intestinal barrier integrity in vivo (Gallus gallus)","volume":"157","author":"Verediano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9040571","article-title":"Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from licorice","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linsaenkart, P., Ruksiriwanich, W., Jantrawut, P., Chittasupho, C., Rachtanapun, P., Jantanasakulwong, K., Sommano, S.R., Prom-U-Thai, C., Jamjod, S., and Arjin, C. (2023). Natural melanogenesis inhibitor, antioxidant, and collagen biosynthesis stimulator of phytochemicals in rice bran and husk extracts from purple glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pieisu 1 CMU) for cosmetic application. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040970"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruksiriwanich, W., Linsaenkart, P., Muangsanguan, A., Sringarm, K., Jantrawut, P., Arjin, C., Sommano, S.R., Phimolsiripol, Y., and Barba, F.J. (2023). Wound healing effect of supercritical carbon dioxide Datura metel L. leaves extracts: An in vitro study of anti-Inflammation, cell migration, MMP-2 Inhibition, and the modulation of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in human fibroblasts. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12132546"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-008-1300-4","article-title":"Quality changes and tocopherols and \u03b3-orizanol concentrations in rice bran oil during the refining process","volume":"85","author":"Pestana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska, A., and Nowak, I. (2016). Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as novel carriers for cosmetic ingredients. Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42868-2.00010-3"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khantham, C., Yooin, W., Sringarm, K., Sommano, S.R., Jiranusornkul, S., Carmona, F.D., Nimlamool, W., Jantrawut, P., Rachtanapun, P., and Ruksiriwanich, W. (2021). Effects on steroid 5-alpha reductase gene expression of Thai rice bran extracts and molecular dynamics study on SRD5A2. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040319"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/19\/2802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:41Z","timestamp":1760112701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/19\/2802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13192802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13192802","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]}}}