{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:28:39Z","timestamp":1780720119278,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Morella spathulata (Myricaceae family) is a common plant from Madagascar and is present on the IUCN Red List of threatened species classified at the \u2019least concern\u2019 level, used by the local population to treat numerous illnesses and pain. Despite its frequent use, comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological research on the species is limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the toxicity of methanol extracts from the leaves (MS_L) and bark (MS_B) of M. spathulata. The research involved the analysis of nutritional traits such as sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, polyphenolic content (TPC) and the main phytochemicals by HPLC analysis. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH and FRAP assays. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced paw oedema tests in mice. The results showed a high content of phenolic and bioactive components in the leaf and bark extracts, associated with antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The interaction of key compounds such as ferulic acid and ellagic acid with proteins involved in pH regulation and immune modulation provides clues to the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects. However, conservation efforts are crucial due to habitat loss and illegal logging, and further studies are needed to fully explore the plant\u2019s therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13202899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1729136974000},"page":"2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing a \u201cLeast-Concern\u201d Red List Tree Species from Madagascar Used in Traditional Medicine: Morella spathulata (Myricaceae) Phyto-Compounds and Anti-Inflammatory Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2235-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annachiara","family":"Fioccardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9104-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Donno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoarilala Rinah","family":"Razafindrakoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nantenaina","family":"Tombozara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Henintsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyna","family":"Mahitasoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcellin","family":"Solofoniaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0467-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Andrianjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ramanitrahasimbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliqu\u00e9es, B.P. 3833, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4175-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele Loris","family":"Beccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617459","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/617459","article-title":"Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants","volume":"2013","author":"Mahomoodally","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Natural Products in Herbal Medicines, Biodiscovery Programs, and Biomedicine","volume":"8","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa, C.L., Ranalison, O., Randriantseheno, L.N., and Risuleo, G. (2021). Natural Products from Madagascar, Socio-Cultural Usage, and Potential Applications in Advanced Biomedicine: A Concise Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0619.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"53","article-title":"An Island of Evolutionary Exuberance","volume":"304","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"687197","article-title":"Why Urban Citizens in Developing Countries Use Traditional Medicines: The Case of Suriname","volume":"2013","author":"Carvalheiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-053018-060051","article-title":"The Mesozoic Biogeographic History of Gondwanan Terrestrial Vertebrates: Insights from Madagascar\u2019s Fossil Record","volume":"47","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"33","article-title":"Review on Application and Management of Medicinal Plants for the Livelihood of the Local Community","volume":"22","author":"Beyene","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Resour. Dev. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v8i3.65276","article-title":"Traditional Medicine: Past, Present and Future Research and Development Prospects and Integration in the National Health System of Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Fokunang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.03.055","article-title":"Medicinal Plants at Rio Jauaperi, Brazilian Amazon: Ethnobotanical Survey and Environmental Conservation","volume":"186","author":"Pedrollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"683","article-title":"In Vitro Propagation: A Biotechnological Tool Capable of Solving the Problem of Medicinal Plants Decimation in South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Afolayan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, June 13). Tropicos. Available online: https:\/\/www.tropicos.org\/name\/50135463."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-018-1174-x","article-title":"Actinorhizal Trees and Shrubs from Africa: Distribution, Conservation and Uses","volume":"112","author":"Catarino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antonie Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Polhill, R.M., and Verdcourt, B. (2006). Myricaceae Flora Zambesiaca 9 (3). Incl. Pict., 256\u2013258."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Burrows, J.E., Burrows, S., Schmidt, E., Lotter, M., and Wilson, E.O. (2018). Trees and Shrubs Mozambique, Print Matters Heritage."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2024, June 13). JSTOR. Available online: https:\/\/plants.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5555\/al.ap.flora.ftea004367."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024, June 24). IUCN Morella spathulata: Daniels, A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available online: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T189308817A189308836.en.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T189308817A189308836.en"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.10.006","article-title":"HPLC\u2013UV\u2013ESI-MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Hypericum Undulatum Shoot Cultures and Wild-Growing Plants","volume":"86","author":"Rainha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donno, D., Mellano, M.G., Riondato, I., De Biaggi, M., Andriamaniraka, H., Gamba, G., and Beccaro, G.L. (2019). Traditional and Unconventional Dried Fruit Snacks as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090396"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834936","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3834936","article-title":"Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content, HPLC Analysis, and Antioxidant Potential of Three Local Varieties of Mushroom: A Comparative Study","volume":"2022","author":"Bristy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e17498","article-title":"In Vitro UV Absorption Properties and Radical Scavenging Capacity of Morella parvifolia (Benth.) Parra-Os. Extracts","volume":"54","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanase, C., Co\u0219arc\u0103, S., and Muntean, D.-L. (2019). A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061182"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi\u0105tczak, E., Dybowska, M., P\u0142uciennik, E., Ko\u015bla, K., Kolniak-Ostek, J., and Kalinowska-Lis, U. (2020). Identification and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves and Bark of Salix alba (L.) and Their Biological Potential. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101391"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., Parida, A.K., Rangani, J., and Panda, A. (2017). Antioxidant Activities, Metabolic Profiling, Proximate Analysis, Mineral Nutrient Composition of Salvadora persica Fruit Unravel a Potential Functional Food and a Natural Source of Pharmaceuticals. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00061"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112701","article-title":"Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Supports a New Reaction Mechanism between Free Radicals and Ferulic Acid with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"154","author":"Berton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90062","article-title":"Stimulatory Effects of Ferulic Acid on Endurance Exercise Capacity in Mice","volume":"73","author":"You","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"4696","article-title":"Ellagitannins: Biosynthesis, Biodegradation and Biological Properties","volume":"5","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.08.008","article-title":"Review on Tannins: Extraction Processes, Applications and Possibilities","volume":"135","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111010","article-title":"First Phytochemical Study of Six Tree and Shrub Species with High Health-Promoting Potential from Madagascar: Innovative Uses for Food and Medicinal Applications","volume":"299","author":"Fioccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.002","article-title":"First Ethnobotanical Inventory and Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Species Used by Indigenous People Living in the Maromizaha Forest, Madagascar","volume":"232","author":"Riondato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.10.041","article-title":"Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Schefflera bojeri (Seem.) R. Vig.(Araliaceae)","volume":"151","author":"Tombozara","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0633-9492","article-title":"A Pharmacological Update of Ellagic Acid","volume":"84","author":"Giner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawzi Mahomoodally, M., Picot-Allain, M.C.N., Zengin, G., Llorent-Mart\u00ednez, E.J., Abdullah, H.H., Ak, G., Senkardes, I., Chiavaroli, A., Menghini, L., and Recinella, L. (2020). Phytochemical Analysis, Network Pharmacology and in Silico Investigations on Anacamptis pyramidalis Tuber Extracts. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102422"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Occhipinti, R., and Boron, W.F. (2019). Role of Carbonic Anhydrases and Inhibitors in Acid\u2013Base Physiology: Insights from Mathematical Modeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153841"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mboge, M.Y., Mahon, B.P., McKenna, R., and Frost, S.C. (2018). Carbonic Anhydrases: Role in pH Control and Cancer. Metabolites, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8010019"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175751","article-title":"Hybrids of Carbonic Anhydrase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Attenuate Cardiac Hypoxic Inflammatory Injuries","volume":"950","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shore, D.M., and Reggio, P.H. (2015). The Therapeutic Potential of Orphan GPCRs, GPR35 and GPR55. Front. Pharmacol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00069"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boleij, A., Fathi, P., Dalton, W., Park, B., Wu, X., Huso, D., Allen, J., Besharati, S., Anders, R.A., and Housseau, F. (2021). G-Protein Coupled Receptor 35 (GPR35) Regulates the Colonic Epithelial Cell Response to Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02014-3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melhem, H., Kaya, B., Ayata, C.K., Hruz, P., and Niess, J.H. (2019). Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors Connect the Diet-Microbiota-Metabolites Axis to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050450"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18010574","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Different Co-Antioxidants on the Photochemical-and Functional-Stability of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Topical Creams Exposed to Simulated Sunlight","volume":"18","author":"Scalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, J., Kim, N., Shin, Y., Kim, S.-Y., and Kim, Y.-J. (2020). Activity of Catechins and Their Applications. Biomed. Dermatol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-020-0057-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paciolla, C., Fortunato, S., Dipierro, N., Paradiso, A., De Leonardis, S., Mastropasqua, L., and De Pinto, M.C. (2019). Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110519"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers297","article-title":"Ascorbate as Seen through Plant Evolution: The Rise of a Successful Molecule?","volume":"64","author":"Gest","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_44.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Turck, D., Bresson, J.-L., Burlingame, B., Dean, T., Fairweather-Tait, S., Heinonen, M., Hirsch-Ernst, K.-I., Mangelsdorf, I., and McArdle, H.J. (2017). Vitamin C and Protection of DNA, Proteins and Lipids from Oxidative Damage: Evaluation of a Health Claim Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4588"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_44.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1924\/2006. Volume 14, Issue 10. EFSA J., 15, e04685."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benali, T., Bakrim, S., Ghchime, R., Benkhaira, N., El Omari, N., Balahbib, A., Taha, D., Zengin, G., Hasan, M.M., and Bibi, S. (2022). Pharmacological Insights into the Multifaceted Biological Properties of Quinic Acid. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2122303"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14757","article-title":"The Plant Product Quinic Acid Activates Ca2+-dependent Mitochondrial Function and Promotes Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Beta Cells","volume":"176","author":"Hermant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-021-00203-9","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Applications of Citric Acid","volume":"7","author":"Nangare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Salam, O.M., Shaffie, N.M., Omara, E.A., and Yassen, N.N. (2018). Citric Acid an Antioxidant in Liver. The Liver, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803951-9.00016-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A7 Subunit Is an Essential Regulator of Inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2590","article-title":"Is Cancer Triggered by Altered Signalling of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors?","volume":"9","author":"Schuller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.018","article-title":"Brain A7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Assembly Requires NACHO","volume":"89","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241481","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/241481","article-title":"HPLC-Profiles of Tocopherols, Sugars, and Organic Acids in Three Medicinal Plants Consumed as Infusions","volume":"2014","author":"Roriz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeandet, P., Formela-Luboi\u0144ska, M., Labudda, M., and Morkunas, I. (2022). The Role of Sugars in Plant Responses to Stress and Their Regulatory Function during Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095161"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razafindrakoto, Z.R., Donno, D., Tombozara, N., Andriamaniraka, H., Andrianjara, C., Ramanitrahasimbola, D., and Beccaro, G.L. (2020). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antidiabetic Activities of Leaves and Stems of Uapaca bojeri Bail.(Euphorbiaceae), an Endemic Plant of Madagascar. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13040071"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.01.035","article-title":"The First Assessment on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Leaves and Stems of Vaccinium secundiflorum Hook.(Ericaceae), an Endemic Plant of Madagascar","volume":"130","author":"Tombozara","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.09.010","article-title":"Phyto-Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Lygodium lanceolatum Desv.(Schizaeaceae)","volume":"135","author":"Donno","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.07.004","article-title":"Antioxidant, Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties, and Toxicity Studies of the Aerial Parts of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv","volume":"142","author":"Razafindrakoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60275-3","article-title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Piper nigrum L.","volume":"7","author":"Tasleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.044","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Probiotic lactobacillus spp. on Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema in Wistar Rats","volume":"81","author":"Archer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, S.D., Ray, S., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., De Feo, V., and Dewanjee, S. (2015). Pharmacological Basis of the Use of the Root Bark of Zizyphus nummularia Aubrev.(Rhamnaceae) as Anti-Inflammatory Agent. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0942-7"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Ma, T., Liu, W., Wang, H., Jiang, J., Wei, Y., Tian, H., Zou, N., Zhu, Y., and Shi, H. (2015). In in Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Compound Muniziqi Granule in Experimental Animal Models. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-0999-y"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.07.021","article-title":"Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds Isolated from Scaphyglottis Livida and Maxillaria Densa","volume":"114","author":"Mata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"221","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Neuropathic Effects of a Novel Quinic Acid Derivative from Acanthus Syriacus","volume":"9","author":"Raafat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2004.09.028","article-title":"Quinic Acid Is a Biologically Active Component of the Uncaria Tomentosa Extract C-Med 100\u00ae","volume":"5","author":"Lindgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.07.096","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinic Acid Derivatives as Anti-Inflammatory Agents","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yam, M.F., Loh, Y.C., Oo, C.W., and Basir, R. (2020). Overview of Neurological Mechanism of Pain Profile Used for Animal \u201cPain-like\u201d Behavioral Study with Proposed Analgesic Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124355"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820704","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3820704","article-title":"Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Methanol Extract and Its Fraction from the Root of Schoenoplectus grossus","volume":"2016","author":"Subedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konat\u00e9, K., Bassol\u00e9, I.H.N., Hilou, A., Aworet-Samseny, R.R., Souza, A., Barro, N., Dicko, M.H., Datt\u00e9, J.Y., and M\u2019Batchi, B. (2012). Toxicity Assessment and Analgesic Activity Investigation of Aqueous Acetone Extracts of Sida acuta Burn f. and Sida cordifolia L.(Malvaceae), Medicinal Plants of Burkina Faso. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-120"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S193029","article-title":"Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Crude Root Extract and Solvent Fractions of Cucumis ficifolius in Mice Model","volume":"12","author":"Demsie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.02.036","article-title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 80% Methanol Root Extract of Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. Ex. Dc.(Oleaceae) in Mice","volume":"202","author":"Tadiwos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"14","article-title":"423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxic Class Method","volume":"4","author":"No","year":"2002","journal-title":"OECD Guidel. Test. Chem. Sect."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60051-8","article-title":"Antidiabetic and in Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Hybanthus enneaspermus (Linn) F. Muell in Streptozotocin\u2013Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"1","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.11.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiulcer Properties of Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight: A Therapeutic Supplement","volume":"23","author":"Nagulsamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"412","article-title":"Acetic Acid for Analgesic Screening","volume":"18","author":"Koster","year":"1959","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-374-7:115","article-title":"Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in the Rat and Mouse","volume":"225","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1977.28.1.49","article-title":"Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods","volume":"28","author":"Slinkard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.07.014","article-title":"Serviceberry, a Berry Fruit with Growing Interest of Industry: Physicochemical and Quali-Quantitative Health-Related Compound Characterisation","volume":"26","author":"Donno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"169","article-title":"Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Curcuminoids","volume":"46","author":"Sreejayan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arzneim. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99005-5","article-title":"[2] Ferric Reducing\/Antioxidant Power Assay: Direct Measure of Total Antioxidant Activity of Biological Fluids and Modified Version for Simultaneous Measurement of Total Antioxidant Power and Ascorbic Acid Concentration","volume":"Volume 299","author":"Benzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2115-6","article-title":"Phytochemical Fingerprint and Chemometrics for Natural Food Preparation Pattern Recognition: An Innovative Technique in Food Supplement Quality Control","volume":"53","author":"Donno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S256","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.133267","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of 11 Bioactive Compounds in Jaeumganghwa-Tang by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku293","article-title":"SwissTargetPrediction: A Web Server for Target Prediction of Bioactive Small Molecules","volume":"42","author":"Gfeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/20\/2899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:14:48Z","timestamp":1760112888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/20\/2899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13202899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13202899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}}}