{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:20:59Z","timestamp":1791832859450,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycyrrhiza glabra L., also known as licorice, belongs to the Fabaceae family and is one of the most commercially valuable plants worldwide, being used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, both for its therapeutic benefits as well as for the sweetening properties of the extract. This study evaluates the phytochemical composition, the biological activities, and the safety profile of a methanolic extract of licorice root (LRE) obtained from Romania. Ten phytocompounds were quantified by the HPLC-DAD-ESI+, the most abundant being the triterpene glycyrrhizin (13.927 mg\/g dry extract.), followed by these flavonoids: liquiritin, liquiritigenin-apiosyl-glucoside, and apigenin-rutinoside liquiritigenin. The total phenolic content of the LRE was found to be 169.83 mg gallic acid\/g dry extract. (GAE\/g d.e.), and the extract showed a maximum of 79.29% antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Good antimicrobial activity of the LRE was observed for Gram-negative bacteria, especially for S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. The mineral content of the LRE was indicative of the lack of toxicity; heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt were below the detection limit. The safety profile of the licorice extract was assessed using the in vivo hen egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM protocol), indicating no irritability, good tolerability, and biocompatibility. The phytochemical and biological characterization of the Romanian licorice root extract reveals a good source of glycyrrhizin and polyphenols with antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, along with a safety profile that may be useful for future therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T06:11:54Z","timestamp":1732169514000},"page":"3265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Safety Profile of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extract Obtained from Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Iulia","family":"Semenescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-6769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefana","family":"Avram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Similie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daliana","family":"Minda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorita","family":"Diaconeasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonina Evelina","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144 Dr. A. P. Podeanu, 300569 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Gurgus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Balneology, Medical Recovery and Rheumatology, Family Discipline, Center for Preventive Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Danciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Center for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-108999","article-title":"From Pharmacognosia to DNA-Based Medicinal Plant Authentication\u2014Pharmacognosy through the Centuries","volume":"83","author":"Heinrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad Khan, M.S., and Ahmad, I. 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