{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:13:06Z","timestamp":1781014386636,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Science &quot;King Mihai I&quot;, Timi\u0219oara, 300645, Romania","award":["x"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["x"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is a sustainable and environmentally friendly agrochemical of natural origin, a resinous mixture produced by honeybees. It is used as a natural remedy in multiple pathologies., but it is also a natural defense enhancer, a phytostimulator that helps to bind, bloom, and pollinate plants. Propolis is used in organic farming as a phytoprotector and phytostimulator. The present study investigates the main physical\u2013chemical parameters of Romanian propolis, its antifungal activity against five fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizopus stolonifer) and its phyto-inhibitory activity when it is applied on the layer and under the layer for different grain crops (wheat, maize, oats, and barley). Different doses were used\u20141, 5, and 10 g of propolis powder\u2014and the growth of the plume was monitored for 13 days. The physical\u2013chemical parameters investigated are volatile oils, wax, oxidation index, melting point, dry matter, ash, and resin, and maximum values were obtained for phenols (189.4 mgGAE\/g), flavonoids (84.31 mgQE\/g), and IC50 (0.086 \u00b5g\/mL). Propolis demonstrates high antifungal activity against all fungal strains. The results showed that propolis has the best phyto-inhibition potential among the studied grain crops when it is applied on the layer, with the lowest plume growth for maize (14 mm), followed by oats, barley, and lastly wheat (24 mm). Propolis can find increasing application in sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture and the obtaining of organic food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"3355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inhibitory Effects and Composition Analysis of Romanian Propolis: Applications in Organic and Sustainable Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirel","family":"Glevitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"},{"name":"Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate of Alba County, 510217 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona Cristina","family":"Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2097-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela-Alina","family":"Dumitrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Glevitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate of Alba County, 510217 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Obi\u0219tioiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana","family":"Cocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Laura","family":"Vic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2023.100679","article-title":"Effect of Propolis Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"40","author":"Malekahmadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Propolis: A Wonder Bees Product and Its Pharmacological Potentials","volume":"2013","author":"Wagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2017.52006","article-title":"Comparison of Traps Collecting Propolis by Honey Bees","volume":"5","author":"Tsagkarakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezmirean, D.S., Pa\u015fca, C., Moise, A.R., and Bobi\u015f, O. (2020). Plant Sources Responsible for the Chemical Composition and Main Bioactive Properties of Poplar-Type Propolis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010022"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, N., Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, C.R., Pozo-Molina, G., M\u00e9ndez-Catal\u00e1, C.F., Reyes-Reali, J., Mendoza-Ramos, M.I., M\u00e9ndez-Cruz, A.R., and Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez, O. (2021). Effects of Propolis on Infectious Diseases of Medical Relevance. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050428"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.09.016","article-title":"Propolis as a novel antibacterial agent","volume":"27","author":"Almuhayawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasote, D.M., Sharbidre, A.A., Kalyani, D.C., Nandre, V.S., Lee, J.H.J., Ahmad, A., and Telke, A.A. (2023). Propolis: A Natural Antibiotic to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Non-traditional Approaches to Combat Antimicrobial Drug Resistance, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9167-7_12"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Historical Aspects of Propolis Research in Modern Times","volume":"2013","author":"Kuropatnicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00651-2","article-title":"Propolis: An update on its chemistry and pharmacological applications","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuttong, B., Lim, K., Praphawilai, P., Danmek, K., Maitip, J., Vit, P., Wu, M.-C., Ghosh, S., Jung, C., and Burgett, M. (2023). Explor-639 ing the Functional Properties of Propolis, Geopropolis, and Cerumen, with a Special Emphasis on Their Antimicrobial Ef-640 fects. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213909"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111412805","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of propolis essential oil on anxiety of restraint-stressed mice","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, M., Sip, A., Mr\u00f3wczy\u0144ska, L., Broniarczyk, J., Wa\u015bkiewicz, A., and Ratajczak, I. (2022). Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Propolis from Various Regions of Poland. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010141"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaa032","article-title":"Quantification and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Northern Indian Propolis Extracts and Dietary Supplements","volume":"103","author":"Avula","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altunta\u015f, \u00dc., G\u00fczel, \u0130., and \u00d6z\u00e7elik, B. (2023). Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity and Clustering Analysis of Propolis Samples Based on PCA from Different Regions of Anatolia. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031121"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-8-28","article-title":"Propolis volatile compounds: Chemical diversity and biological activity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bankova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.11.010","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide and propolis on immunosuppressed chickens","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2016.1167049","article-title":"Inhibition properties of propolis extracts to some clinically important enzymes","volume":"31","author":"Baltas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0019-3","article-title":"Zinc and Propolis Reduces Cytotoxicity and Proliferation in Skin Fibroblast Cell Culture: Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Propolis","volume":"160","author":"Bystrowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"97","article-title":"Comparative study of selected toxic elements in propolis and honey","volume":"55","author":"Roman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zullkiflee, N., Taha, H., and Usman, A. (2022). Propolis: Its Role and Efficacy in Human Health and Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186120"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"EUGreenDeal (2020). Farm to Fork Strategy. For a Fair, Healthy and Environmentally-Friendly Food System, European Union."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, G.J.L.D., and Sodr\u00e9, G.d.S. (2021). Application of propolis in agriculture. Arq. Inst. Biol., 88.","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000632019"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3390\/agrochemicals2040033","article-title":"Propolis: Harnessing Nature\u2019s Hidden Treasure for Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"2","author":"Bankova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agrochemicals"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3738\/1982.2278.554","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o foliar de fungicidas e produtos alternativos reduz a severidade do o\u00eddio do tomateiro","volume":"8","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"170","article-title":"Extrato etan\u00f3lico de pr\u00f3polis no controle da cercosporiose e no desenvolvimento de mudas de cafeeiro","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Agroecol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"143","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de extrato de pr\u00f3polis na agricultura","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Cienc. Agro-Ambient."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2017.12613","article-title":"Application of ethanolic extract of propolis typified in nutrition and vegetative growth of beans","volume":"13","author":"Cassiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-737X2014000100013","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de extrato etan\u00f3lico de pr\u00f3polis no crescimento e produtividade do feijoeiro comum","volume":"61","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Ceres"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.32404\/rean.v2i4.653","article-title":"Uso da Pr\u00f3polis e \u00d3leo de Nim no Controle dos Fungos Lasiodiplodia Theobromae e Colletotrichum Gloesporioides: Principais Pat\u00f3genos Que Acometem Os Frutos da Manga","volume":"2","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neotrop. Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-16572012000200023","article-title":"Efeito antif\u00fangico de extratos alco\u00f3licos de pr\u00f3polis sobre pat\u00f3genos da videira","volume":"79","author":"Marini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Inst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5747\/ca.2018.v14.n2.a205","article-title":"Atividade Antif\u00fangica do Extrato Alco\u00f3lico de Pr\u00f3polis, \u00c1lcool de Cereais e do \u00d3leo Essencial de Manjeric\u00e3o Sobre Botrytis Cinerea","volume":"14","author":"Gaio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloq. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.041","article-title":"The use of propolis as a functional food ingredient: A review","volume":"115","author":"Irigoiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mateescu, C., and Dumitru, I.F. (2024, March 31). Propolisul \u015fi Extractele de Propolis. Available online: https:\/\/apiardeal.ro\/biblioteca\/carti\/Romanesti\/Propolisul_si_extractele_de_propolis_-_52_pag.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2174\/157340110792389136","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Therapeutic Activities of Propolis: A Critical Review","volume":"6","author":"Farooqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13400","article-title":"Artepillin C and phenolic compounds responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia DC","volume":"122","author":"Veiga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12874","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of red propolis: An alert for its safe use","volume":"119","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259510","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1259510","article-title":"Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: A comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits","volume":"2017","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2008.391.394","article-title":"Effect of propolis on two bacterial species with probiotic potential","volume":"7","author":"Haddadin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of propolis and honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2306-2312","article-title":"Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples","volume":"14","author":"Hassanien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gniewosz, M., Pobiega, K., Kra\u015bniewska, K., Synowiec, A., Chaberek, M., and Galus, S. (2022). Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Pullulan Edible Films Enriched with Propolis Extract for Active Packaging. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152319"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"40","article-title":"The Study of the Antimicrobial Activity of Transylvanian (Romanian) Propolis","volume":"38","author":"Marghitas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"13116","article-title":"Antioxidant and antifungal activity of Romanian propolis","volume":"22","author":"Stan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de W. Blackburn, C., and McClure, P.J. (2009). Foodborne Pathogens. Hazards, Risk Analysis and Control, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845696337"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Romanian Standards Association (2002). Cereals and Legumes. Determination of the Mass of 1000 Grains, National Organization for Standardization\u2014ASRO. 520\/2002."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Romanian Standards Association (1984). Agricultural Seeds. Wheat. Determination of Vitreousity, National Organization for Standardization\u2014ASRO. 6283\u20132\/84."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Popescu, N., and Meica, S. (1997). Bee Products and Their CHEMICAL Analysis (Honey, Wax, Royal Jelly, Pollen, Bee Bread, Propolis, and Venom), Diacon Coresi. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"M\u0103rghita\u015f, L.A. (2008). Bees and Their Products (In Romanian), Ceres Publishing."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"AOAC International (2024, February 19). Official Methods of Analysis Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.aoac.org\/scientific-solutions\/standards-and-official-methods\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Norma Argentina. IRAM-INTA (2008). Productos del NOA. Prop\u00f3leos en Bruto, Instituto Argentino de Normalizaci\u00f3n y Certificaci\u00f3n. 15935-1."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Bogdanov, S. (2009). Harmonised Methods of the International Honey Commission, Swiss Bee Research Centre, FAM."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oxid. Antioxid. Part A"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"178","article-title":"Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"253","article-title":"DPPH method for evaluation of propolis antioxidant activity. Bull","volume":"66","author":"Dezmirean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Univ. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.777","article-title":"Validated methods for the quantification of biologically active constituents of poplar type propolis","volume":"15","author":"Popova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"462","article-title":"Activitatea fitoinhibitorie a propolisului recoltat din zona de vest a Rom\u00e2niei\u2014partea I, Universitatea de \u015etiin\u0163e Agricole \u015fi Medicin\u0103 Veterinar\u0103 Ia\u015fi","volume":"50","author":"Biron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lucr\u0103ri \u015etiin\u0163ifice Ser. Agron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vica, M.L., Glevitzky, I., Glevitzky, M., Siserman, C.V., Matei, H.V., and Teodoru, C.A. (2021). Antibacterial Activity of Propolis Extracts from the Central Region of Romania against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060689"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (2024, March 07). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibsility Testing. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/media\/3481\/m100ed30_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u2014EUCAST (2024, March 07). EUCAST Guidance Documents. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/eucastguidancedocuments."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vic\u0103, M.L., Glevitzky, M., Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru, R.C., Glevitzky, I., Matei, H.V., Balici, S., Popa, M., and Teodoru, C.A. (2022). Potential Effects of Romanian Propolis Extracts against Pathogen Strains. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052640"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oki\u0144czyc, P., Szumny, A., Szperlik, J., Kulma, A., Franiczek, R., \u017bbikowska, B., Krzy\u017canowska, B., and Sroka, Z. (2018). Profile of Polyphenolic and Essential Oil Composition of Polish Propolis, Black Poplar and Aspens Buds. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061262"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19990210","article-title":"Use of essential oils for the control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in honey bee colonies","volume":"30","author":"Imdorf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"27","article-title":"Characterization of volatiles from Moroccan propolis samples","volume":"31","author":"Lyoussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, G., Capasso, G., Gambacorta, E., and Perna, A.M. (2023). Chemical and Functional Characterization of Propolis Collected from Different Areas of South Italy. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0004.v1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.29916","article-title":"Flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of Guanajuato, Mexico","volume":"38","author":"Zarate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Campinas"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"755","article-title":"DPPH Scavenging Activities and Phytochemical Content of Four Asteraceae Plants","volume":"9","author":"Indradi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorkun, K., Bozcuk, S., G\u00f6m\u00fcrgen, A.N., and Tekin, F. (1997). An Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Germination and Cell Division in the Root Tips of Wheat Seedlings. Bee Products, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9371-0_17"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Sorkun, K., and Bozcuk, S. (1994, January 6\u20138). Investigation of the effect of propolis on seed germination of some culture plants. Proceedings of the XIIth National Biology Conference, Edirne, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"125","article-title":"Evaluation of propolis extract in preventing weed seed germination","volume":"10","author":"Dadgostar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Acad. Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.019","article-title":"Mexican propolis flavonoids affect photosynthesis and seedling growth","volume":"151","author":"Bah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7045","article-title":"Composition of the volatile fraction of a sample of Brazilian green propolic and its phytotoxic activity","volume":"95","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20212101","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2101","article-title":"Honeybees use propolis as a natural pesticide against their major ectoparasite","volume":"288","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"302","article-title":"Insecticidal action of honeybees propolis extract against larvae of lesser wax moth","volume":"7","author":"Ararso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. J. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u017carowski, M., Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., Alam, R., and \u0141ochy\u0144ska, M. (2022). Antifungal Properties of Chemically Defined Propolis from Various Geographical Regions. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020364"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137175","article-title":"Food-grade delivery systems of Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera: From chemical composition to bioactivities in vivo","volume":"432","author":"Franchin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"45","article-title":"Propolis as a Natural Remedy: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Almas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-010-0186-8","article-title":"Control of citrus green and blue molds by Chinese propolis","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balderas-Cordero, D., Canales-Alvarez, O., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, R., Cabrera-Wrooman, A., Canales-Martinez, M.M., and Rodriguez-Monroy, M.A. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory and Histological Analysis of Skin Wound Healing through Topical Application of Mexican Propolis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411831"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vic\u0103, M.L., Glevitzky, M., Dumitrel, G.-A., Bostan, R., Matei, H.V., Kartalska, Y., and Popa, M. (2022). Qualitative Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Romanian Honey and Propolis. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111552"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru, R.C., Glevitzky, M., Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru, G., Dumitrel, G.-A., Popa, M., Popa, D.M., Radulov, I., and Vic\u0103, M.L. (2023). Applications of Romanian Propolis in Phyto-Inhibitory Activity and Antimicrobial Protection: A Comparative Study. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121682"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2012.654561","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic Composition of Greek Propolis Extracts","volume":"17","author":"Lagouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vic\u0103, M.L., Glevitzky, M., Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru, R.C., Dumitrel, G.-A., Heghed\u0171\u015f-M\u00eendru, G., Popa, M., Faur, D.M., B\u00e2lici, \u0218., and Teodoru, C.A. (2023). Phyto-Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Activity of Brown Propolis from Romania. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061015"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Aboody, M.S., and Mickymaray, S. (2020). Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020045"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonetti, G., Brasili, E., and Pasqua, G. (2020). Antifungal Activity of Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds from Different Matrices of Vitis vinifera L. against Human Pathogens. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163748"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:29Z","timestamp":1760114549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13233355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13233355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}