{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:55:06Z","timestamp":1791921306771,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts of Quercus species (Quercus dalechampii, Quercus frainetto, and Quercus petraea) with potential biomedical applications. To optimize PdNPs biosynthesis, various parameters were explored, including the concentration of PdCl2, the extract-to-PdCl2 ratio, and the pH of the solution. The nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet\/visible spectroscopy (UV\/Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin\u2013Cioc\u00e2lteu method, while antioxidant capacity was evaluated through radical neutralization assays, including ABTS and DPPH, and through iron and copper reduction tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the extracts were essential for the reduction in palladium ions and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. UV\/Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak, indicating the successful formation of PdNPs. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between the bioactive compounds and PdNPs, revealing characteristic peaks of phenolic groups. DLS analysis indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 63.9 nm for QD-PdNPs, 48 nm for QF-PdNPs, and 63.1 nm for QP-PdNPs, highlighting good dispersion and stability in solution. Although the PdNPs did not exhibit strong antioxidant properties, they demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PdNPs also exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida krusei, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.63 mg\/mL, indicating their ability to compromise fungal cell integrity. This study contributes to developing eco-friendly biosynthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and underscores the potential of PdNPs in various applications, including in the biomedical field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:01:29Z","timestamp":1733198489000},"page":"3390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Using Aqueous Bark Extract of Quercus dalechampii, Q. frainetto, and Q. petraea for Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nastaca-Alina","family":"Coman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201c University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Babot\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Nicolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-241X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Nicolae-Maranciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Complex Physical Systems, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies and Research (ISCI), Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2563-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Berta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Chicea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Complex Physical Systems, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenard","family":"Farczadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corneliu","family":"Tanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Muhammad, K., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020661"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel, M.S., Ravikumar, M., Ashwini, J.J., Selvarajan, E., Patel, H., Sharath Chander, P., Soundarya, J., Vuppala, S., Balaji, R., and Chandrasekar, N. (2022). A Review on Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Diverse Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12050459"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2021.100080","article-title":"Advanced Green Approaches for Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Environmental Applications","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"46","article-title":"Phyto-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles\u2014A Review","volume":"11","author":"Santhoshkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"463","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Melia Azedarach Leaf Extract and Their Evaluation for Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Activities The Synthesis of Pd NPs","volume":"28","author":"Bhakyaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuong, T., Phan, V., Huynh, T.-C., Manivasagan, P., Mondal, S., and Oh, J. (2019). An Up-To-Date Review on Biomedical Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010066"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4236\/jbnb.2012.31003","article-title":"Soybean (Glycine max) Leaf Extract Based Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Vivekanandhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.01.063","article-title":"Rapid Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using the Dried Leaf of Anacardium occidentale","volume":"91","author":"Sheny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/cben.201600017","article-title":"Plant-Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles: Recent Trends and Emerging Opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Vishnukumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemBioEng Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102017","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Plant Extracts and Its Biomedical Applications","volume":"34","author":"Vinodhini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shuanghui, L.J., Guangyue, Y., Xinting, W., Ye, S., Yong, W., and Ding, L.Y. (2024). The Genus Quercus: Metabolites, Biological Activity and Mechanisms of Action. Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia-Avil\u00e9s, E., Estrella Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, M., Guadalupe Garnica-Romo, M., de Dios Figueroa-C\u00e1rdenas, J., Mel\u00e9ndez-Herrera, E., Salgado-Garciglia, R., and Mart\u00ednez-Flores, H.E. (2018). Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts from Quercus Laurina, Quercus Crassifolia, and Quercus Scytophylla Bark. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7070081"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coman, N.-A., Nicolae-Maranciuc, A., Bert, L., Nicolescu, A., Babot\u0103, M., Man, A., Chicea, D., Farczadi, L., Jakab-Farkas, L., and Silva, B. (2024). Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Quercus Bark Extracts: Characterization and Functional Properties. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070822"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chicea, D., Nicolae-Maranciuc, A., and Chicea, L.-M. (2024). Silver Nanoparticles-Chitosan Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study Regarding Different Chemical Syntheses Procedures and Their Antibacterial Effect. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17051113"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.05.003","article-title":"Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Properties of Curcumin","volume":"174","author":"Ak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0379-x","article-title":"Comparison of in Vitro Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of L-Tyrosine and L-Dopa","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.11.016","article-title":"The Main and Modified CUPRAC Methods of Antioxidant Measurement","volume":"30","author":"Apak","year":"2011","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.08.043","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Total Protein Assay with Copper(II)\u2013Neocuproine Reagent in Alkaline Medium","volume":"68","author":"Cekic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8104","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.18.4.8104-8119","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Polyphenolic Extracts Obtained from Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid Bark and Periderm","volume":"18","author":"Coman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1695-z","article-title":"Green Synthesis, Characterization and Uses of Palladium\/Platinum Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.07.067","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extracts of Mariposa Cristia Vespertillonis: Influence of PH on Its Colloidal Stability","volume":"5","author":"Amri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6272","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6272","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Investigation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and DNA Cleavage Activities","volume":"35","author":"Gulbagca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2018.05.008","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Using Saudi\u2019s Dates Extract and Their Usage on the Cancer Cell Treatment","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00204","article-title":"Palladium Nanoparticles in Polyols: Synthesis, Catalytic Couplings, and Hydrogenations","volume":"120","author":"Favier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85903","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA11409A","article-title":"Biodirected Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using: Phoenix Dactylifera Leaves Extract and Their Size Dependent Biomedical and Catalytic Applications","volume":"6","author":"Tahir","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5894","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA07800B","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Activities of Eco-Friendly Palladium Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Osonga","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaik, M.R., Jameel, Z., Ali, Q., Khan, M., Kuniyil, M., Assal, M.E., Alkhathlan, H.Z., Al-Warthan, A., Rafiq, M., and Siddiqui, H. (2017). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Origanum vulgare L. Extract and Their Catalytic Activity. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010165"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60123d","article-title":"Colourimetric and Fluorescent Probes for the Optical Detection of Palladium Ions","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007356","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007356","article-title":"Polyphenol-Containing Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Therapeutic Delivery","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"181","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Leaf Extract and Their Characterization","volume":"6","author":"Koduru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntm.2024.100046","article-title":"Harish Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Asterarcys Sp. and Their Applications","volume":"3","author":"Choudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano TransMed"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03663-5","article-title":"Green Mediated Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Gymnema Sylvestre for Catalytic Reduction of Cr (VI)","volume":"2","author":"Kadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2023.100427","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Palladium Magnetic Nanoparticles Decorated on Carbon Nanospheres Using Chenopodium and Their Application as Heterogenous Catalyst in the Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction","volume":"16","author":"Pai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168","article-title":"Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Polysaccharide Structural Analysis: Progress, Challenge and Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-019-01779-w","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Fabrication of N-Cyano-N-Arylbenzenesulfonamides at Ambient Temperature: Improvements with Biosynthesized Ag\/Feldspar Nanocomposite","volume":"22","author":"Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clean. Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2748-8","article-title":"Suzuki\u2013Miyaura Reaction and Solventfree Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by Pd\/Nitrogen-Doped CNTs Catalyst","volume":"53","author":"Labulo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Gra\u00f1a, S., Perez-Ameneiro, M., Vecino, X., Pastoriza-Santos, I., Perez-Juste, J., Cruz, J.M., and Moldes, A.B. (2017). Biogenic Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using a Biosurfactant Extracted from Corn and Their Antimicrobial Properties. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7060139"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, N.V., Ladeira, A.C., and Furtado, C.A. (2024). The use of carboxylated graphene oxides and related materials for the adsorption of metals and dyes: A review. J. Mol. Liq., 126001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.126001"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2014.03.006","article-title":"An Eco-Friendly Method of Synthesizing Gold Nanoparticles Using an Otherwise Worthless Weed Pistia (Pistia stratiotes L.)","volume":"6","author":"Anuradha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00659-5","article-title":"Production of Antibacterial Wool Fiber Through the Clean Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) by Crocus sativus L. Stamen Extract","volume":"25","author":"Mousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"100463","article-title":"Environmentally Sustainable Fabrication of Palladium Nanoparticles from the Ethanolic Crude Extract of Oxystelma esculentum towards Effective Degradation of Organic Dye","volume":"23","author":"Farooq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"24","article-title":"An Effective Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Crateva religiosa G.Forst. Leaf Extract: A Multi-Functional Approach for Environmental and Biomedical Applications","volume":"1","author":"Vignesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102103","article-title":"Pd-Based Nanoparticles: Plant-Assisted Biosynthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, Stability, Catalytic and Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"276","author":"Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.02.011","article-title":"Applications of ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging to Biomedical Samples","volume":"1758","author":"Kazarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA) Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03645-9","article-title":"Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles\u2014A Review","volume":"202","author":"Vijayaram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berta, L., Coman, N.-A., Rusu, A., Tanase, C., and Mures, T. (2021). A Review on Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles, Characterisation and Their Biological Applications Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mures. Bimetallic Nanoparticles Characterisation Their Biol. Applications. Mater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247677"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.16346","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds Mediated Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Bioactivities: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-024-02634-9","article-title":"A Review of the Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Medical Applications","volume":"35","author":"Phan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-04877-8","article-title":"Synthesis of Bimetallic Palladium\/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Using Crocus Sativus and Its Anticancer Activity via the Induction of Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer","volume":"196","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103609","article-title":"LC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Victorian Shorebound Red Seaweeds and Their Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"82","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22476","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219860","article-title":"Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Effective Anticancer Palladium Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Fakeh, M.S., Osman, S., Osman, M., Gassoumi, M., Rabhi, M., and Omer, M. (2021). Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Palladium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Optimally Using Saudi Propolis. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102666"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.02.057","article-title":"Antibacterial and Electrochemical Activities of Silver, Gold, and Palladium Nanoparticles Dispersed Amorphous Carbon Composites","volume":"479","author":"Anjana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijilvani, C., Bindhu, M.R., Frincy, F.C., AlSalhi, M.S., Sabitha, S., Saravanakumar, K., Devanesan, S., Umadevi, M., Aljaafreh, M.J., and Atif, M. (2020). Antimicrobial and Catalytic Activities of Biosynthesized Gold, Silver and Palladium Nanoparticles from Solanum nigurum Leaves. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111713"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2174\/2405461504666190131142303","article-title":"Palladium Nanoparticles Mediated Through Bauhinia Variegata: Potent In Vitro Anticancer Activity Against MCF-7 Cell Lines and Antimicrobial Assay","volume":"3","author":"Vaghela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.039","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Using Moringa oleifera Flower Extract and Their Catalytic and Biological Properties","volume":"165","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.032","article-title":"RSM Optimized Moringa Oleifera Peel Extract for Green Synthesis of M. oleifera Capped Palladium Nanoparticles with Antibacterial and Hemolytic Property","volume":"162","author":"Surendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.129507","article-title":"Allium sativum Extract Mediate the Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles as Potential Nanodrug for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Wound Healing","volume":"321","author":"Hamid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:45:28Z","timestamp":1760114728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13233390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13233390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}}}