{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:39:37Z","timestamp":1783744777218,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary","award":["RGNS 64-082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 64-082"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary","award":["N41A640337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A640337"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF)","award":["RGNS 64-082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 64-082"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF)","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund (TRF)","award":["N41A640337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A640337"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["RGNS 64-082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 64-082"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["N41A640337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A640337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is linked to choline metabolism. The present study investigated the effect of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) flower water extract (OSLY) on MASLD with choline metabolism as an underlying mechanism. Rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MASLD received 250\u20131000 mg\/kg bw of OSLY, fenofibrate, or fenofibrate + 1000 mg\/kg OSLY combination. Biochemical parameters, choline metabolites, and one-carbon gene transcription were analyzed. OSLY and fenofibrate independently reduced serum LDL cholesterol (p &lt; 0.02), liver cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001), and liver triglyceride levels (p &lt; 0.001) in HFD-fed rats. Only OSLY reduced signs of liver injury and increased serum HDL. Fenofibrate influenced choline metabolism by decreasing liver glycerophosphocholine (GPC; p = 0.04), as well as increasing betaine (p &lt; 0.001) and the betaine:choline ratio (p = 0.02) in HFD-fed rats. Fenofibrate (vs. HFD) increased the expression of one-carbon metabolism genes Mthfd1l, Pemt, Smpd3, and Chka (p &lt; 0.04). The OSLY treatment decreased liver GPC (500 mg dose; p = 0.03) and increased Smpd3 expression (1000 mg dose; p = 0.04). OSLY and fenofibrate showed weak synergistic effects on lipid and choline metabolism. Collectively, OSLY and fenofibrate independently improve lipid profiles in MASLD rats. The benefits of fenofibrate are partially mediated by choline\/one-carbon metabolism, while those of OSLY are not mediated by this pathway. Holy basil flower extract merits further development as an alternative medicine for MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1735154372000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) Flower and Fenofibrate Improve Lipid Profiles in Rats with Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): The Role of Choline Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siraphat","family":"Taesuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakkapong","family":"Inchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Research Unit of Epithelial Transport and Regulation (iETR), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konpong","family":"Boonyingsathit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanika","family":"Chimkerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunchit","family":"Judprasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatchai","family":"Muanprasat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5537-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chutima S.","family":"Vaddhanaphuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Research Unit of Epithelial Transport and Regulation (iETR), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Systematic Review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"Resolving the Paradox of Hepatic Insulin Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Santoleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMGH"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30028","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30028","article-title":"Increased Levels of Nuclear SREBP-1c Associated with Fatty Livers in Two Mouse Models of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"274","author":"Shimomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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