{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:29:56Z","timestamp":1791239396378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, commonly known as the Jamun or Indian blackberry, is a tropical evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent, and it belongs to the Myrtaceae family. This research aimed to assess the antibacterial properties of the extracts derived from S. cumini seed kernels and evaluate their total flavonoid content, total phenol content, total carbohydrate content, antioxidant capacity, and inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase. Cold maceration was chosen for its ability to preserve thermolabile compounds and efficiently extract bioactive constituents with minimal energy and equipment requirement, with hexane and methanol employed as extraction solvents. The methanolic seed kernel extract of S. cumini showed the highest flavonoid (127.78 \u03bcg quercetin equivalent\/mg dried extract vs. 21.24 \u03bcg quercetin equivalent\/mg in hexane dried extract) and polyphenol content (153.81 \u03bcg gallic acid equivalent\/mg dried extract vs. 38.89 \u03bcg gallic acid equivalent\/mg in hexane dried extract), along with significant carbohydrate content (475.61 \u03bcg glucose equivalent\/mg dried extract vs. 5.57 \u03bcg GE\/mg in hexane dried extract). It also demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (IC50: 9.23 \u03bcg\/mL; ascorbic acid: 5.10 \u03bcg\/mL) and xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50: 14.88 \u03bcg\/mL), comparable to the standard drug allopurinol (IC50: 6.54 \u03bcg\/mL), suggesting its therapeutic potential. Moreover, the methanolic extract of seed kernels exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 19.00 mm against S. epidermidis, higher than the standard antibiotic (gentamicin: 18.33 mm) against K. pneumonia (ciprofloxacin: 33.66 mm). The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.32 mg\/mL and 0.52 mg\/mL, respectively, were observed for the same extract against S. epidermis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the remarkable antibacterial effects of S. cumini methanolic seed kernel extract against various pathogenic microorganisms as well as significant inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase and antioxidant activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1737517217000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase-Inhibitory, and Antibacterial Activity of Syzygium cumini Linn. Seed Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitendra","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal 32900, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4710-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh","family":"Jaishwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamta","family":"Jayswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deep Chand","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bishnu","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Pokhara University, Devinagar-11, Butwal 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Budean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-7578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Lamichhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0509-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hari Prasad","family":"Devkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-honmachi 5-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan"},{"name":"Headquarters for Admissions and Education, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, 2-39-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001","article-title":"Discovery and Resupply of Pharmacologically Active Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Atanasov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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