{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:48:55Z","timestamp":1772844535337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG02\/UCSI\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG02\/UCSI\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["REIG-FPS-2023\/037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIG-FPS-2023\/037"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["REIG-FMHS-2023\/025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIG-FMHS-2023\/025"]}]},{"name":"UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant (REIG)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG02\/UCSI\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG02\/UCSI\/02\/1"]}]},{"name":"UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant (REIG)","award":["REIG-FPS-2023\/037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIG-FPS-2023\/037"]}]},{"name":"UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant (REIG)","award":["REIG-FMHS-2023\/025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIG-FMHS-2023\/025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To study Cassia alata (CA) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh\u2019s effectiveness towards atopic dermatitis (AD), CA leaf extracts were prepared using three methanol-based extraction solvent systems. Bioactive constituents were characterized and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, a major AD exacerbation factor, were assessed. Four polyphenols (two flavonoids, two anthraquinones) beneficial in AD control were detected (rhein &gt; aloe-emodin &gt; astragalin &gt; kaempferol). The 75% v\/v MeOH\/water extract had the most polyphenols and the best antioxidant profile (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity), with excellent S. aureus inhibition (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.625 mg\/mL; minimum bactericidal concentration = 1.25 mg\/mL). Hence, it was selected for the in vitro examination of cytotoxicity and wound healing activity towards human epidermal keratinocyte cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and wound scratch assay. The extract showed no cytotoxicity (IC50 &gt; 100 \u00b5g\/mL) without significant reduction in cell viability up to 200 \u00b5g\/mL compared to the vehicle control. An amount of 50 \u03bcg\/mL extract concentration showed the best wound-healing activity (p &lt; 0.05), with a cell migration rate of 5.89 \u00b1 0.80 \u00b5m\/h over 96 h post-treatment. Such antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities suggest CA and its polyphenols to be promising natural, long-term AD remedies for skin health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T11:50:47Z","timestamp":1737719447000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from Cassia alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue-Kei","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4805-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Keng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica-Ai-Lyn","family":"Yon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Wai","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng-Chee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sek-Chuen","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 46150, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Akyirem","family":"Akowuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 46150, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai Bin","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyber 11, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew-Keah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5180-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Marriott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yik-Ling","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.035","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the regional and age-related differences in atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Yew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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