{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:43:44Z","timestamp":1759970624884,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K06366","21H02513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K06366","21H02513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orchids have evolved flowers with unique morphologies through coevolution with pollinators, such as insects. Among the floral organs, the lip (labellum), one of the three petals, exhibits a distinctive shape and plays a crucial role in attracting pollinators and facilitating pollination in many orchids. The lip of the terrestrial orchid Habenaria radiata is shaped like a flying white bird and is believed to attract and provide a platform for nectar-feeding pollinators, such as hawk moths. To elucidate the mechanism of lip morphogenesis, we conducted time-lapse imaging of blooming flowers to observe the extension process of the lip and analyzed the cellular morphology during the generation of serrations. We found that the wing part of the lip folds inward in the bud and fully expands in two hours after blooming. The serrations of the lip were initially formed through cell division and later deepened through polar cell elongation. Transcriptome analysis of floral buds revealed the expression of genes involved in floral organ development, cell division, and meiosis. Additionally, genes involved in serration formation are also expressed in floral buds. This study provides insights into the mechanism underlying the formation of the unique lip morphology in Habenaria radiata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:47:29Z","timestamp":1738046849000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological and Transcriptome Analysis of the Near-Threatened Orchid Habenaria radiata with Petals Shaped Like a Flying White Bird"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiji","family":"Takeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo-Hangi-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Kitainayaduma-Oji 74, Seika-Cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo-Hangi-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo-Hangi-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Higaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"},{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6796-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seisuke","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/35054172","article-title":"Plant biology. 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