{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:44:08Z","timestamp":1792446248847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BE2022420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022420"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2017YFD0801300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0801300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["BE2022420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022420"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFD0801300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0801300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrochar (HC) incorporation affects soil nitrogen (N) transformation, which could further affect the N leaching loss. We conducted a soil lysimeter experiment to evaluate the responses in terms of N leaching and rice yield to HC applied at a low (0.5%) or high (1.5%) rate, while considering three N inputs, i.e., 240, 192, and 144 kg\/ha (named N240, N192, and N144, respectively). The results showed that the rice grain yield was highest (124.3 g\/pot) for N192, while being significantly reduced to the minimum yield achieved in the study (110.3 g\/pot) for N144. Interestingly, for the N input 144 kg\/ha, HC application increased the rice grain yield by 6.9\u20138.0%, which was equivalent to that of N240. NH4+-N leaching occurred mainly during the first 4 weeks of the rice season, and HC did not influence NH4+-N leaching for both the N inputs, 192 and 240 kg\/ha. However, compared to N144, N144 + HC1.5% recorded a significantly higher NH4+-N leaching loss of 34.6%. This suggests that the application of a high amount of HC increases the NH4+-N leaching risk when the N input is low. HC application resulted in 10.2\u201345.3% more NO3\u2212-N leaching loss when the three N inputs were applied, the effect of which was significant in regard to the applications involving a 20 and 40% N reduction, but this occurred only with the applied treatments involving 1.5% HC. Moreover, we found that organic N was the main form of leachate N (&gt;80%). More specifically, N144 + HC recorded 7.8\u20138.3% lower organic N leaching than N192. Based on the effects of HC on the rice grain yield and N leaching, we recommend applications involving a 40% N reduction (N144) with a lower amount of HC (HC 0.5%) to ensure high crop production and to protect the water environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Hydrochar Incorporation on the Nitrogen Leaching Flux Pattern and Load in Rice Paddy Soil and Crop Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Educational Administration, Linyi Vocational University of Science and Technology, Linyi 276025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.08.014","article-title":"Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for rice systems: Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake","volume":"154","author":"Linquist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2018.12.022","article-title":"Manure acts as a better fertilizer for increasing crop yields than synthetic fertilizer does by improving soil fertility","volume":"189","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.208","article-title":"Biochar addition coupled with nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil quality, crop productivity, and nitrogen uptake under double-cropping system","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(15)61228-X","article-title":"Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China","volume":"14","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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