{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:23:25Z","timestamp":1782152605603,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD1902900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1902900"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CARS-02-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-02-25"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021R52045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R52045"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Technology System of Maize","award":["2023YFD1902900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1902900"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Technology System of Maize","award":["CARS-02-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-02-25"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Technology System of Maize","award":["2021R52045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R52045"]}]},{"name":"leading talents in scientific and technological innovation, high-level talents of the Zhejiang Special Support Program","award":["2023YFD1902900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1902900"]}]},{"name":"leading talents in scientific and technological innovation, high-level talents of the Zhejiang Special Support Program","award":["CARS-02-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-02-25"]}]},{"name":"leading talents in scientific and technological innovation, high-level talents of the Zhejiang Special Support Program","award":["2021R52045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R52045"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education) at Southwest University","award":["2023YFD1902900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1902900"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education) at Southwest University","award":["CARS-02-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-02-25"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education) at Southwest University","award":["2021R52045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R52045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) levels can enhance crop yields but may simultaneously reduce quality, impacting both macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, and potentially decreasing protein content in cereal grains. This study examined the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and nitrogen (N) fertilization on crop growth, yield, and soil nitrogen cycling through a glass greenhouse experiment using Eutric Regosol soil. The experimental design incorporated two CO2 gradients: ambient CO2 (aCO2) at approximately 410 ppm during the day and 460 ppm at night, and eCO2 at approximately 550 ppm during the day and 610 ppm at night. Additionally, two nitrogen fertilization treatments were applied: no fertilizer (N0) and 100 mg N kg\u22121 dry weight (DW) soil (N100). Crops were cultivated under two cropping systems: the monoculturing of fababean (Vicia faba L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum Yunmai) and the intercropping of both species. The results demonstrated that eCO2 significantly enhanced the growth and yield of both fababean and wheat, particularly when nitrogen fertilization was applied. Nitrogen fertilizer application did not always enhance crop yield, considering the complexity of nitrogen management under elevated CO2 conditions. Furthermore, the intercropping of fababean and wheat presented multiple advantages, including improved crop yields, enhanced soil health, and increased ecosystem services. These findings suggest that intercropping can serve as a sustainable strategy to boost productivity and ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. The changes in nitrogen application and CO2 concentration affect the gene copy number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, which may affect the nitrogen cycling process in soil. There are complex interactions between crop biomass, nitrogen accumulation, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance with soil properties (e.g., pH, organic matter, nitrogen content) and microbial community structure. The interaction between CO2 concentration, nitrogen application level and crop intercropping pattern had significant effects on crop growth, soil properties and microbial communities. Future research should prioritize investigating the long-term effects of intercropping on soil productivity and the development of management strategies that optimize the benefits of this cropping system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14040516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:54:06Z","timestamp":1739274846000},"page":"516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Increasing CO2 Concentration on Crop Growth and Soil Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms in a Fababean (Vicia faba L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum Yunmai) Intercropping System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xingshui","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songmei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics, Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region and Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 90616, USA"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2023). 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