{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:48:14Z","timestamp":1792007294013,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010760","name":"Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University\u2014Scientific Research Projects Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FBA-2020-9264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FBA-2020-9264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, morphological and quality characteristics (nutritional value, EO ratio and content, TPC, TFC, and TAA) of 12 different naturally growing populations (T1 to T12) of Thymus kotschyanus var. kotschyanus were investigated. In the case of macro and micro nutrients, all the populations have a rich ingredient, and for heavy metal content, all population results are within limits. The percentage of essential oils in the population varied between 0.43% to 4.66% (v\/w). Thymol was the most abundant compound in the whole population and the percentage of thymol ranged from 4.07% to 81.15%. In the study, eight populations had more than 50% thymol content and the maximum percentage was recorded from the T1 population (81.15%). The total phenolic compound ranged from 152.81 to 195.23 mg GAE\/g of dry extract and total flavonoid content ranged from 145.24 to 382.74 mg QE\/100 g. Total antioxidant activity varies between 78.43 and 228.55 \u00b5mol TE\/g and the highest value was obtained from population T7. PCA analysis was carried out to determine the morphological and quality parameters of the populations. Four populations were superior to others for morphological analysis and two populations were superior to others for quality analysis. According to the result of the study, the T10 population has higher yield and quality compared to other populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14050729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determination of Morphological and Quality Characteristics of Naturally Growing Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. &amp; Hohen. var. kotschyanus Populations Around of Van\/T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00fctfi","family":"Nohut\u00e7u","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University, 65090 Van, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Tun\u00e7t\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University, 65090 Van, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcveyde","family":"Tun\u00e7t\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University, 65090 Van, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezelhan","family":"\u015eelem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape and Ornamental Plants, Muradiye Vocational School, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University, 65090 Van, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Ero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l University, 65090 Van, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Arslan, N. (2014, January 23\u201325). Endemic Medicinal Plants II. Proceedings of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Symposium, Yalova, T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Seyrek, C. (2019). Study on the Determination of the Distribution Status and Biomass of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in the Turkmen Chiefdom of K\u00fctahya Turkmen Mountain and its Neighbourhood. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Dumlup\u0131nar University]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"37","article-title":"Place and Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the World and Turkey","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"\u00c7ukurova J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"205","article-title":"Some Thymus L. Species Growing in Konya\/Turkey","volume":"3","author":"Tulukcu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2014.996037","article-title":"Cytotaxonomical Study in Five Taxa of The Genus Teucrium L. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"68","author":"Dirmenci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Caryologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzima, K., Brunton, N.P., and Rai, D.K. (2018). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Polyphenols in Lamiaceae Plants\u2014A Review. Plants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants7020025"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history, botany and taxonomy of the genus Thymus","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Morales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyme: The Genus Thymus"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"911","article-title":"Determination of trace element contents of Thymus species from Turkey","volume":"34","author":"Kuyumcu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turkish J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl-Biskup, E. (2002). Thyme as a Herbal Drug-Pharmacopoeias and Other Product Characteristics. The Genus Thymus, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203216859"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Tanker, N., and Tanker, M. (1990). Farmakognozi. II, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Publications. No. 58."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Demiryapan, A. (2020). Antimicrobial activity and GC-MS Analysis of the Essential Oils Obtained from Teucrium polium L. and Thymus Longicaulis subsp. Longicaulis c. Presl. [Ph.D. Thesis, Kastamonu University]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CYTO.0000039917.60348.45","article-title":"Effects of Carvacrol on a Human Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer (Nsclc) Cell Line, A549","volume":"43","author":"Koparal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytotechn"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Baytop, T. (1999). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bitkilerle Tedavi, Nobel T\u0131p Book Houses."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"152487","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thymus capitata Essential Oil with Its Preservative Effect Against Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated \u0130n Minced Beef Meat","volume":"42","author":"Kaabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Comp. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"583","article-title":"Thyme Species Growing in Turkey, Economic Importance and Usage Areas. Yuzuncu Yil Uni","volume":"29","author":"Bozdemir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"499","article-title":"Use of Essential Oils Against Agricultural Diseases and Pests","volume":"35","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Fac. Bursa Uludag Uni."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Allelopatic effects of some aromatic plants essential oils in weed control","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Wildlife Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"975","article-title":"Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils and Their Binary and Tertiary Mixtures Against The Pulse Beetle, Callasobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)","volume":"18","author":"Erler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"7","article-title":"Possibilities of Utilisation of Some Plants Occurring in Tokat Province as Dye Crops","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J. Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"186","article-title":"Morphological and phytochemical screening of some Thymus ecotypes (Thymus spp.) native to Iran in order to select elite genotypes","volume":"93","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. App. Bot. Food Quality"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Assessment of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Thymus kotschyanus bioss. and hohen under different bio and chemical fertilizers","volume":"23","author":"Asghari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00519.x","article-title":"Calcium absorption and calcium bioavailability","volume":"231","author":"Charles","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(98)00113-4","article-title":"Determination of macro, micro nutrient and trace element concentrations in Indian medicinal and vegetable leaves using instrumental neutron activation analysis","volume":"50","author":"Naidu","year":"1999","journal-title":"App. Radiation Isotopes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.59","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9847-3","article-title":"Evaluation of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Fe levels in Rosmarinus officinalis labaiatae (Rosemary) medicinal plant and soils in selected zones in Jordan","volume":"140","author":"Massadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Asses."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-2300(02)00020-X","article-title":"Trace element risk assessment: Essentiality vs. toxicity","volume":"38","author":"Goldhaber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reg. Toxic. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Environmental lead exposure: A public health problem of global dimensions","volume":"78","author":"Tong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(03)00338-8","article-title":"Trace elements analysis of Echinacea purpurea\u2014Herbal medicinal","volume":"33","author":"Onjia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil, P. (1993). Environmental Chemistry, Chapman and Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"WHO (1998). Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabata-Pendias, A., and Mukherjee, A.B. (2007). Trace Elements from Soil to Human, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32714-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2018.1533435","article-title":"Variations in chemical composition and bioactive compounds of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen populations originated from different collection sites","volume":"21","author":"Tohidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2013.764159","article-title":"Essential oil compositions of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave oven distillation","volume":"16","author":"Khanavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Comparison of Composition and Biological Activities in Wild and Cultivated of Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts from East Azarbayjan, Iran","volume":"4","author":"Mobaiyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crescent J. Med. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1397","article-title":"Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Bagci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.06.017","article-title":"Thymol nanospheres as an effective antibacterial agent","volume":"434","author":"Wattanasatcha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000100","article-title":"Carvacrol and thymol: Strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates","volume":"28","author":"Memar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Res. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00086-7","article-title":"Anti-oxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems","volume":"64","author":"Yanishlieva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview on two valuable natural and bioactive compounds, thymol and carvacrol, in medicinal plants","volume":"16","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"AOAC (2000). Official Method of Analysis 962.09, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc.. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199706)74:2<209::AID-JSFA789>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Flavanol composition and caffeine content of green leaf as quality potential indicators of Kenyan black teas","volume":"74","author":"Obanda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Analytical Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00196-3","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour","volume":"72","author":"Gressier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharm."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/5\/729\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:12Z","timestamp":1760028192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/5\/729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14050729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14050729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}