{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1782862347990,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32460725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460725"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Gaufx-03J02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J02"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Foundation of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["32460725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460725"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Foundation of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["Gaufx-03J02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine the impact of various foliar fertilization treatments on the growth of new shoots, photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, and mineral nutrient content in the leaves of \u2018Marselan\u2019 grapevines. Five distinct combinations of nano zero-valent iron (n ZVI), compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) were administered through foliar application to \u2018Marselan\u2019 grapevines cultivated in the Wuwei region of the Hexi Corridor, with water spray serving as the control treatment. The results showed that T5 treatment (15 mg\u00b7L\u22121 n ZVI + 0.4 g\u00b7L\u22121 CSN + 2.5 g\u00b7L\u22121 KH2PO4) significantly increased the leaf area and SPAD value of \u2018Marselan\u2019 grapes; T4 treatment (15 mg\u00b7L\u22121 n ZVI + 0.4 g\u00b7L\u22121 CSN + 1.67 g\u00b7L\u22121 KH2PO4) significantly increased the internode length of new grape shoots. T5 treatment was favorable to increase the basic coarseness of new grape shoots, the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves, and stomatal conductance; leaf transpiration rate was the highest under the T4 and T5 treatments; T3 (15 mg\u00b7L\u22121 n ZVI + 0.4 g\u00b7L\u22121 CSN + 1.25 g\u00b7L\u22121 KH2PO4), T4, and T5 treatments could improve leaf initial fluorescence at different periods. At 45 days after flowering, the maximum photochemical efficiency under the T3 and T4 treatments reached the highest value throughout the period, and the T3 treatment improved leaf potential maximum quantum yield. Meanwhile, the leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content under the T5 treatment were the highest in the five periods. Additionally, the contents of potassium (K), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the leaves increased significantly under the T4 and T5 treatments. The following conclusions emerged from a comprehensive analysis: the T4 treatment was the best, and the T5 treatment was the second most effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14060946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T15:24:56Z","timestamp":1742225096000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal Variations in Photosynthesis and Leaf Element Contents of \u2018Marselan\u2019 Grapevines in Response to Foliar Fertilizer Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hai-Ju","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Feng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113261","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of different responses of supplementary light qualities on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of \u2018Kyoho\u2019 grape","volume":"333","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.101030","article-title":"Inter- and intra-varietal genetic variations co-shape the polyphenol profiles of Vitis vinifera L. grapes and wines","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2024.100532","article-title":"Climatic drivers and temporal dynamics of sandstorms in the Hexi Corridor, China","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clim. Serv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-024-00553-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of irrigated cropland water use efficiency and driving factors in northwest China\u2019s Hexi Corridor","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012009","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/559\/1\/012009","article-title":"Climate regionalization of various wine grape varieties in Hexi Corridor, China","volume":"559","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101602","article-title":"Application of the full nitrogen dose at decreasing rates by foliar spraying versus conventional soil fertilization in common wheat","volume":"19","author":"Ferrari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.9734\/jabb\/2024\/v27i121811","article-title":"Impact of Organic Foliar Formulations on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)","volume":"27","author":"Ghodke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-019-00449-x","article-title":"The Effect of Microelements on Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless","volume":"61","author":"Hosseinabad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.06.031","article-title":"Characterization of iron deficiency symptoms in grapevine (Vitis spp.) leaves by reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"118","author":"Rustioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12208","article-title":"Physiological effects of repeated foliar application of magnetite nanoparticles on maize plants","volume":"203","author":"Jalali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(15)60104-7","article-title":"Iron Mobilization and Mineralogical Alterations Induced by Iron-Deficient Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus L.) in a Calcareous Soil","volume":"28","author":"Gattullo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114254","article-title":"Foliar-applied nanoscale zero-valent iron (n ZVI) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) induce differential responses in growth, physiology, antioxidative defense and biochemical indices in Leonurus cardiaca L.","volume":"215","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, H., Kang, Y.G., Chang, Y.S., and Kim, J.H. (2019). Effects of Zero valent Iron Nanoparticles on Photosynthesis and Biochemical Adaptation of Soil-Grown Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111543"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y.S., Sun, M.T., Li, Y.S., Feng, X.J., Li, M.L., Shi, A.K., He, C.X., Yan, Y., Wang, J., and Yu, X.C. (2024). Sodium nitrophenolate mediates brassinosteroids signaling to enhance cold tolerance of cucumber seedling. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.108317"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2022.2152011","article-title":"Exogenous application of Atonik (sodium nitrophenolate) under skip irrigation regimes modulated the physiology, growth and productivity of Zea mays L.","volume":"69","author":"Zarina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12552","article-title":"Effects of foliar-sprayed potassium dihydrogen phosphate on accumulation of flavonoids in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10173","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10173","article-title":"Photosynthetic performance and stevioside concentration are improved by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Stevia rebaudiana under different phosphate concentrations","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q.H., Wang, X.H., Yuan, W.J., Tang, H.L., and Luan, M.B. (2021). The Optimal Concentration of KH2PO4 Enhances Nutrient Uptake and Flower Production in Rose Plants via Enhanced Root Growth. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11121210"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Zhang, Z.X., Li, B., Zhang, H.H., Hu, J., and Zhao, J. (2020). Photosynthetic rate prediction model of newborn leaves verified by core fluorescence parameters. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59741-6"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110105867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105867","article-title":"Estimation of leaf photosynthetic capacity from the photochemical reflectance index and leaf pigments","volume":"110","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.002","article-title":"The mechanisms by which phenanthrene affects the photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber leaves","volume":"168","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113297","article-title":"Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium levels affected growth indices, leaf gas exchange parameters and biomass production of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes","volume":"163","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113588","article-title":"Foliar spraying KH2PO4 promotes shoot development by inducing stomatal opening and sugar transport in tea leaves","volume":"337","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14527","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14527","article-title":"Dynamic responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to drought across diverse plant families","volume":"176","author":"Zait","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"604","article-title":"Root-exuded malic acid versus chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in four plant species under different phosphorus levels","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozdzer, T.J., and Megonigal, J.P. (2012). Jack-and-master trait responses to elevated CO2 and N: A comparison of native and introduced Phragmites australis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042794"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gang, L., Yang, Y.B., and Zhu, Z.H. (2018). Elevated nitrogen allows the weak invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata to become more vigorous with respect to inter-specific competition. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21546-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq119","article-title":"Leaf trait co-ordination in relation to construction cost, carbon gain and resource-use efficiency in exotic invasive and native woody vine species","volume":"106","author":"Olusegun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.Q., Liu, X.W., Nie, B.H., Song, B.T., Du, P., Liu, S.X., Li, L., and Zhao, Z.Q. (2022). Nitrogen management can inhibit or induce the sprouting of potato tubers: Consequences of regulation tuberization. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2021.111722"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115368","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization in bamboo forest accelerates the shoot growth and alters the lignification process in shoots","volume":"187 Pt A","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W.J., Wang, J., Deng, Q.X., Liang, D., Xia, H., Lin, L.J., and Lv, X.L. (2023). Effects of Different Types of Potassium Fertilizers on Nutrient Uptake by Grapevine. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9040470"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Guidelines for fertilizer use in vineyards based on nutrient content of grapevine parts","volume":"17","author":"Arrobas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"7","article-title":"Accumulation of potassium in grapevine rootstocks (Vitis) grafted to \u2018Shiraz\u2019 as affected by growth, root-traits and transpiration","volume":"49","author":"Kodur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vitis J. Grapevine Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw111","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of essential elements through Populus leaf ontogeny","volume":"67","author":"Arthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009777108","article-title":"Potassium (K+) gradients serve as a mobile energy source in plant vascular tissues","volume":"108","author":"Gajdanowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10006","article-title":"Species-dependent effect of cover cropping on trace elements and nutrients in vineyard soil and Vitis","volume":"100","author":"Yuliya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"217","article-title":"Trace Element Partitioning in \u2018Sibera\u2019 Grapevines as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilisation","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12747","article-title":"Functioning of potassium and magnesium in photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection","volume":"163","author":"Merle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Chen, X.F., Deng, C.L., Yang, L.T., Lai, N.W., Guo, J.X., and Chen, L.S. (2019). Magnesium-Deficiency Effects on Pigments, Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Leaves, and Nutrients of Leaf Blades and Veins in Citrus sinensis Seedlings. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100389"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou ElNasr, M.K., ElHennawy, H.M., Samaan, M.S.F., Salaheldin, T.A., Abou ElYazied, A., and ElKereamy, A. (2021). Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles to Improve the Color and Berry Quality of Table Grapes Cv. Crimson Seedless. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10071285"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"922","article-title":"Changes in leaf functional traits with leaf age: When do leaves decrease their photosynthetic capacity in Amazonian trees?","volume":"42","author":"Juliane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)62017-9","article-title":"Polyaspartic acid mediates the absorption and translocation of mineral elements in tomato seedlings under combined copper and cadmium stress","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodowska, M.S., Wyszkowski, M., and Bujanowicz-Hara\u015b, B. (2022). Mineral Fertilization and Maize Cultivation as Factors Which Determine the Content of Trace Elements in Soil. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020286"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2024.2362548","article-title":"Selected detrimental and essential elements in fruiting bodies of culinary and toxic medicinal macroscopic fungi growing in the Bohemian Forest, the Czech Republic","volume":"59","author":"Krejsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/6\/946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:08Z","timestamp":1760028908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/6\/946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14060946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14060946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}