{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:54:52Z","timestamp":1781873692352,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aromatic and medicinal plants have been integral to human civilization for thousands of years, serving not only as vital components in traditional and modern medicine but also as sources of captivating fragrances that enhance our sensory experiences. The main objective of this study was to explore the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and in silico molecular docking attributes of Gardenia jasminoides essential oil (GJEO). The chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) test. The antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro using three microbial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus), and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). In silico analysis by molecular docking was used to determine the interaction types of topoisomerase II receptors and the most important antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds (Eugenol, Methyleugenol, and \u03b1-Terpineol ligands). The obtained results highlight the presence of 25 volatile compounds including 5 new detected compounds: Methyleugenol (15.41%), 1-Undecyne (3.4%), 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (1.11%), 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- (0.4%), and 5,9-Tetradecadiyne (0.32%). The antioxidant capacity of GJEO is around 1.25 \u00b5g equivalent of ascorbic acid\/mL for TAC assay and IC50 = 19.05 \u00b5L\/mL for DPPH test. GJEO exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16.67 \u00b5L\/mL. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed strong interactions between ethyleugenol characterized by multiple bonding interactions, including Pi\u2013Alkyl and carbon\u2013hydrogen bonds, while \u03b1-Terpineol formed hydrogen and alkyl interactions. These results underline the potential of Gardenia jasminoides essential oil as a promising source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, highlighting its possible applications in pharmaceuticals and natural therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14071055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:36:49Z","timestamp":1743169009000},"page":"1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities, and In Silico Evaluation of Gardenia jasminoides Essential Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Kara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Bioresources (LBCVB), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouha","family":"Haoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Bioresources (LBCVB), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco"},{"name":"Fruit Trees and Vine Research Program, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), P.O. Box 578, Meknes 50001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor El houda","family":"Tahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, P.O. Box 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Zahra","family":"Rhebbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, P.O. Box 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda","family":"El Mernissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes 50050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Assouguem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacognosy Team, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Errachidia, University Moulay Isma\u00efl, Meknes 50050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7165-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Slali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Scientific Innovation in Sustainability, Environment, Education and Health in Era of AI (ISDEESIA), Department of Biology-Geology, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure (ENS), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fes 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Bahhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Bioresources (LBCVB), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolouri, P., Salami, R., Kouhi, S., Kordi, M., Asgari Lajayer, B., Hadian, J., and Astatkie, T. (2022). Applications of Essential Oils and Plant Extracts in Different Industries. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248999"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2013). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014\u20132023."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00181-6","article-title":"Medicinal Plants in Mexico: Healers\u2019 Consensus and Cultural Importance","volume":"47","author":"Heinrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Prieto-Garcia, J., Gibbons, S., and Williamson, E.M. (2023). 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