{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:00:56Z","timestamp":1790802056514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR21882180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR21882180"]}]},{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["23059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23059"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Committee of Harran University","award":["BR21882180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR21882180"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Committee of Harran University","award":["23059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to compare the efficiency of different green extraction methods for obtaining bioactive compounds from the roots of Rheum cordatum Losinsk and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The presence of some important phytochemicals in the extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical ethanol extraction (Sbc-EtOH), and supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) extraction was determined by LC-MS\/MS, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The goal was to determine the optimal extraction conditions that maximize the yield of bioactive compounds while preserving their biological properties. Different pressures (100 bar and 400 bar) were tested in UAE extraction, different solvents and times were tested in Sbc-EtOH extraction, and different pressures were tested in ScCO2 extraction. Most of the 53 important phenolic compounds have been extracted using the ScCO2 extraction method, either exclusively or in the highest amounts. It has been observed that more and higher amounts of phenolic compounds were extracted at lower pressure. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by the ScCO2 extracts. Additionally, the ScCO2-100 extract obtained at 100 bar showed strong antimicrobial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 31.25 to 250 \u03bcg\/mL. Gallic acid, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and catechin were found in extracts. Additionally, molecular docking studies against the 1QWZ, 2ANQ, 3H77, and 6QXS proteins revealed that epicatechin exhibited docking scores of \u22126.127, \u22129.479, \u22125.836, and \u22127.067 kcal\/mol, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14071071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T05:29:19Z","timestamp":1743485359000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Green Extraction Strategies and Bioactivity of Rheum cordatum Losinsk: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Molecular Docking Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madina","family":"Amangeldinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Ersat\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Cukurova Universiry, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2092-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adem","family":"Necip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Cimentepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya","family":"Kudrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3176-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Terletskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Al-Farabi 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozge Ozt\u00fcrk","family":"Cimentepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8006-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oguz","family":"Cak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4090-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Abdullah","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200417160049","article-title":"Plant extracts as a natural source of bioactive compounds and potential remedy for the treatment of certain skin diseases","volume":"26","author":"Sitarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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