{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:58:34Z","timestamp":1773107914594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Nordeste","award":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Nordeste","award":["SGCyT-PI19003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI19003"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Nordeste","award":["PICT 2018-1726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-1726"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional del Nordeste","award":["PICT 2019-3107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019-3107"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT-Foncyt","award":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT-Foncyt","award":["SGCyT-PI19003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI19003"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT-Foncyt","award":["PICT 2018-1726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-1726"]}]},{"name":"ANPCyT-Foncyt","award":["PICT 2019-3107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019-3107"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n MANI argentino","award":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI 20P001"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n MANI argentino","award":["SGCyT-PI19003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGCyT-PI19003"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n MANI argentino","award":["PICT 2018-1726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-1726"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n MANI argentino","award":["PICT 2019-3107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019-3107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past few decades, peanut smut, caused by Thecaphora frezzii, has evolved from an emerging disease to a major global threat to peanut production. However, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the anatomical pathways and host responses involved in infection, colonization, and sporulation. This study examines the pathosystem and histopathology of the biotrophic phase of T. frezzii in the susceptible cv. Granoleico. Anatomical analyses were conducted using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning, and scanning electron microscopy. Our findings reveal that T. frezzii enters the host through the peg rather than the ovary tip, invading during the R2-subterranean phase. Fruit colonization occurs at the R3-stage when the mechanical layer between the mesocarp and endocarp has not yet formed. Hyphal entry into the seed takes place between the R3-medium and R3-late pod stages via the funiculus, leading to extensive seed coat colonization without penetrating the embryo. Once inside, hyperplasia and hypertrophy are triggered, coinciding with teliospore formation. Teliosporogenesis disrupts nutrient translocation, arresting embryo development. The hyphae colonize tissues intracellularly, utilizing living cells of the vascular bundles and following the peanut\u2019s photoassimilate transport pathway. Investigating these structural responses in phenotypically contrasting peanut genotypes may provide key insights into the anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that determine disease susceptibility and resistance, ultimately contributing to the development of resistant cultivars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14071083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:08:40Z","timestamp":1743505720000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histopathology of Thecaphora frezzii Colonization: A Detailed Analysis of Its Journey Through Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Florencia","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bot\u00e1nica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Samoluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bot\u00e1nica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guillermo","family":"Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bot\u00e1nica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9311-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bot\u00e1nica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30972\/bon.81-43559","article-title":"Taxonom\u00eda del g\u00e9nero Arachis (Leguminosae)","volume":"8","author":"Krapovickas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bonplandia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.94.12.1963","article-title":"Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea\u2014Leguminosae) and its wild relatives revealed by FISH and GISH","volume":"94","author":"Seijo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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