{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:35:27Z","timestamp":1790174127071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FUNDACION IMSS A.C."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are two major global morbidity and mortality problems in the health sector: inflammation, which is the physiological process that, in acute and chronic conditions, gradually causes the loss of the body\u2019s functionality, leading to severe damage to health; and microbial diseases, which are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of three extracts of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata)\u2014n-hexane (PH), dichloromethane (PD), and methanol (PM)\u2014were assessed in a mouse model of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema, and the antimicrobial effects against 14 microorganisms were assessed using the broth microdilution method. The extracts inhibited ear oedema by 60.81% (PH), 75.96% (PD), and 60.29% (PM). The most active anti-inflammatory extract (PD) was fractionated through chromatography, and three fractions (PDR3, PDR6, and PDR7) were evaluated. One of the most active fractions (PDR7) was purified via column chromatography, and ethyl veratrate (VE, 1) was isolated and identified. VE inhibited ear oedema by 85.1%. The anti-inflammatory effect is evidenced by the quantification of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1). The PD extract, the PDR7 fraction, and the compound present an IL-10 concentration of 11.8, 18.9, and 36.5 pg\/mg of protein, values significantly higher than the group that received only phorbol ester (* p &lt; 0.05). These treatments also significantly decreased the concentration of TNF-\u03b1 (* p &lt; 0.05) to 197.6, 241.9, and 247.0 pg\/mg protein, respectively. The PM extract showed the most pronounced antimicrobial effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of &lt;12.5 \u00b5g\/mL for almost all the 14 tested strains, followed by the PD and PH extracts. Chromatographic fractionation of the PM extract yielded the PMR6, PMR7, and PMR10 fractions that inhibited all tested microorganisms with a MIC between 6.25 and 200 \u00b5g\/mL. Compound 1 was active on five strains, with a concentration between 2 and 8 \u00b5g\/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and comparison with commercial standards allowed for the identification of rutin (2) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (3). Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis of the PH and PD extracts allowed for the identification of fatty acids, terpenes, and phenols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14071118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T03:36:45Z","timestamp":1743737805000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chemical Profile Analysis of Prosopis laevigata Extracts and Their Topical Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Osvaldo","family":"Salinas-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n (CIByC), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero (EESJ), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Carretera Galeana-Tequesquitengo s\/n Col. el Jicarero, Jojutla 62909, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Herrera-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero (EESJ), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Carretera Galeana-Tequesquitengo s\/n Col. el Jicarero, Jojutla 62909, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Zamilpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-8274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz E.","family":"Utrera-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduac\u00e1n-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduac\u00e1n 86690, Tabasco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Dolores","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla s\/n km 85, San Isidro 62739, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ever A.","family":"Ble-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduac\u00e1n-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduac\u00e1n 86690, Tabasco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muteeb, G., Rehman, M.T., Shahwan, M., and Aatif, M. (2023). Origin of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and their impacts on drugs development: A narrative review. 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