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However, the functions of CAD in Brassica species, especially in Brassica napus, remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we identified a total of 90 CAD genes across the Brassica U-triangle species, including B. rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. juncea, B. napus, and B. carinata. Comprehensive analyses of phylogenetic relationships, sequence identity, conserved motifs, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, collinearity, and cis-acting elements were performed. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these genes were categorized into four groups, designated as groups I to IV. Most of the CAD genes were implicated in mediating responses to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Notably, members in group III, containing the bona fide CAD genes, were directly involved in lignin synthesis. Furthermore, the expression profiles of BnaCAD genes exhibited differential responses to drought, osmotic, and ABA treatments. The expression levels of the BnaCAD4a, BnaCAD4b, BnaCAD5b, and BnaCAD5d genes were detected and found to be significantly lower in yellow-seeded B. napus compared to the black-seeded ones. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of CAD genes in Brassica U-triangle species and partially validates their functions in B. napus, thereby contributing to a better understanding of their roles. The insights gained are expected to facilitate the breeding of yellow-seeded B. napus cultivars with enhanced stress tolerance and desirable agronomic traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14081184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:47:41Z","timestamp":1744282061000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of the Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Family in Brassica U-Triangle Species and Its Potential Roles in Response to Abiotic Stress and Regulation of Seed Coat Color in Brassica napus L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4657-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwuyun","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of South Upland 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