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To accurately detect rice panicles, this study proposes OE-YOLO, an enhanced framework derived from YOLOv11, incorporating three synergistic innovations. First, oriented bounding boxes (OBB) replace horizontal bounding boxes (HBB) to precisely capture features of rice panicles across different heights and growth stages. Second, the backbone network is redesigned with EfficientNetV2, leveraging its compound scaling strategy to balance multi-scale feature extraction and computational efficiency. Third, a C3k2_DConv module improved by dynamic convolution is introduced, enabling input-adaptive kernel fusion to amplify discriminative features while suppressing background interference. Extensive experiments on rice Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery demonstrate OE-YOLO\u2019s superiority, achieving 86.9% mAP50 and surpassing YOLOv8-obb and YOLOv11 by 2.8% and 8.3%, respectively, with only 2.45 M parameters and 4.8 GFLOPs. The model has also been validated at flight heights of 3 m and 10 m and during the heading and filling stages, achieving mAP50 improvements of 8.3%, 6.9%, 6.7%, and 16.6% compared to YOLOv11, respectively, demonstrating the generalization capability of the model. These advancements demonstrated OE-YOLO as a computationally frugal yet highly accurate solution for real-time crop monitoring, addressing critical needs in precision agriculture for robust, oriented detection under resource constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14091370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1746076232000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["OE-YOLO: An EfficientNet-Based YOLO Network for Rice Panicle Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoxue","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiannan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"Center for Basic Experiments and Practical Training, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suiyan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-012-0168-1","article-title":"Crops That Feed the World 7: Rice","volume":"4","author":"Seck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100996","article-title":"Present and Future Scopes and Challenges of Plant Pest and Disease (P&D) Monitoring: Remote Sensing, Image Processing, and Artificial Intelligence Perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Abdullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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