{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1787029373763,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32360339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: The National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System","award":["32360339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360339"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: The National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System","award":["CARS-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-34"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endogenous inhibitors can inhibit seed germination, and GA3 can promote seed germination. Whether GA3 can affect the changes in endogenous inhibitors has not been clarified. In order to study the effect of GA3 on the endogenous inhibitors in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) seeds, the systematic separation method and gas chromatography\u2013mass pectrometry (GC-MS) method were used to determine the endogenous inhibitors using cabbage (Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel) as a bioassay model to validate the inhibitory activity in sainfoin seeds, and then the optimal concentration of GA3 was determined to promote seed germination. The results showed that endogenous inhibitors existed in the pod coat, seed coat, and seed embryo of sainfoin seeds, with the methanol and ethyl acetate phases showing the highest degree of inhibition. The organic compounds were mainly organic acids, phenols, lipids, and alkanes. The levels of changes in germination indicators, storage substances, and antioxidant enzymes determined that 600 mg\/L GA3 was the optimum concentration to promote germination of sainfoin seed. It was also found that 600 mg\/L GA3 reduced the relative content of endogenous inhibitors and changed the content of endogenous hormones. In summary, the presence of endogenous inhibitors may be one of the reasons for the low germination rate of sainfoin seeds, with 3-methoxycatechol and 4-nitrosodiphenylamine playing a major role. GA3 can reduce the relative content and types of endogenous inhibitors to promote the germination of sainfoin seeds. Our experimental results provide the basis for subsequent exploration of the mechanism of specific endogenous inhibitors and the identification of deeper molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14101464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1747212298000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exogenous GA3 Promotes Germination by Reducing Endogenous Inhibitors in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Seeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4226-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Jiang, W., Luo, Y., Huang, H., Yi, D., and Pang, Y. 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